Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh)

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Barabanki_Some_Important_Indicators_81a01692ca.png"></figure>

MGNREGS_Barabanki_data.xlsx

MGNREGS_Barabanki.pdf

MGNREGS: Some Important FactsUnder MGNREGS, any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work are guaranteed by law to be given at least 100 days of wage employment per financial year by the government. The wage rates are pre-determined by the government and vary across states. The work is used to create different assets like buildings, irrigation facilities, etc. There is a possibility of convergences with other schemes where such work is needed—that is, MGNREGS can be used to create assets for other government schemes.&nbsp;<figure class="table" style="float:left;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">S. No.</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Indicator</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Performance</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">1</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry of Rural Development</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">2</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Benefits under the scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>At least 100 days of employment per year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.&nbsp;</li><li>The wage rate is notified by the Union Government, but states may provide a higher wage rate from their own fund. The wage rates are revised yearly and are based on Consumer Price Index for Agriculture Labour.</li><li>Additional 50 days of employment (beyond the 100 days) to every Scheduled Tribe Household in a forest area having no other private property.&nbsp;</li><li>Additional 50 days unskilled manual work per year (beyond the 100 days) to job card holders in drought affected rural areas.</li><li>In case applicants are not given employment within 15 days of application, they are entitled to an unemployment allowance which is linked to the wage rate.</li><li>Under the scheme, states are required to appoint an Ombudsperson in each district as well as co-ordinate toll-free-lines for the redressal of grievance.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">3</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Main Expenses</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">There are four main components<ul><li>Wage</li><li>Material</li><li>Admin</li><li>Tax (which is paid on the purchase of material)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Funding of the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>MGNREGS is a Centrally sponsored scheme; the fund for the scheme comes from the Union as well as State Government.&nbsp;</li><li>100% cost of the unskilled labour based on the notified rate is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>75% of the material cost is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>Remaining costs (in case of higher wage rate, and 25% of total material cost) are borne by the State governments.&nbsp;</li><li>The work is used to create different assets, like – buildings, irrigation facilities, etc., such that there are convergences with other schemes where such work is needed, i.e., assets created can be used for other schemes.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">5</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Fund Flow Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>The components of MGNREGS expense flow as depicted in the figure below</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Latehar_MGRENGS_Modal_Window_2_Fund_Flow_Mechanism_4d18adc462.png"></figure>

Barabanki lies in the central plains and occupies a central place in the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks.

MGNREGS aims to provide minimum 100 days of wage employment per rural household in a financial year. It was launched in 2005 with the goal of enhancing livelihood security of India’s rural masses.

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_8aca6faeeb.png"></figure>

NHM_Barabanki_data.xlsx

NHM_Barabanki.pdf

NHM aims to provide universal access to equitable, affordable and quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to the needs of people in both rural and urban areas of the country. The main program components of the scheme are strengthening of the health system, focus on improving reproductive-maternal-neonatal-child and adolescent health (RMNCH+A) and prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/modal_window_2_image_1_NHM_Important_Facts_at_a_Glance_ee5c288278.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/modal_window_2_image_2_Fund_Flow_under_NHM_a84ecfdd42.png"></figure>

Barabanki lies in the central part of the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks. While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, major industries in the region include spinning and agro-based units.

National Health Mission (NHM) is a flagship programme of the Government of India, launched in 2005. It has two sub-missions subsumed under it: the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). 

PMAYG_Barabanki_data.xlsx

PMAY_Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).pdf

PMAY-G: Some Important Facts&nbsp; The scheme provides financial assistance for constructing pucca houses for the rural poor. Under the scheme, the minimum size of the house is 25 square meters with a hygienic cooking space. According to the scheme, 60 percent of national-level targets of pucca houses are earmarked for SCs and STs. Within the earmarked targets of houses at country level, the proportion of SC/ST beneficiaries is to be decided from time to time by the respective States/UTs. Further, as far as possible, 15 percent of total houses at the national level is to be allocated for minorities.<figure class="table" style="text-align:center;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">S. No.</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Indicator</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Details</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">1</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Ministry</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Ministry of Rural Development</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">2</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Benefits under the scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;"><ul><li>Monetary assistance is provided for constructing a pucca house of minimum 25 square meters. The amount is Rs 1.3 lakh for hilly or difficult areas and Rs 1.2 lakh in plain areas. Barabanki district which falls in the latter category receives Rs 1.2 lakh in assistance per unit. The amount is provided in three instalments.&nbsp;</li><li>Beneficiaries can additionally get:</li><li>90/95 person days of unskilled labour wages under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) for house construction.&nbsp;</li><li>Rs.12,000/ for constructing a toilet under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)</li><li>Loan up to Rs.70,000 from financial institutions.&nbsp;</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">3</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">How Beneficiaries are selected</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Beneficiaries are selected using housing deprivation parameters as per the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011.&nbsp;Beneficiaries are houseless or households living in zero, one or two- roomed houses with kutcha walls and kutcha roofs. A priority list is prepared based on criteria such as houselessness and the number of rooms, category (ST, SC, minorities and Others), households with no adult member, female-headed households with no male adult member, households with no literate adult, households with no able-bodied adult member, and landless households with casual labour.&nbsp;Each household is assigned a score based on these factors. Next, this list is verified by the local governance unit (Gram Sabhas). In case the scores for two or more households are equal, further criteria is used to determine the score. Finally, if scores still match, Gram Sabhas must rank the household and provide a rationale for their decision.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In case a household is not included in the SECC or in the priority list, the Gram Sabha can prepare a separate list and send it to designated officers.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Funding of the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">PMAY-G is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).&nbsp; The scheme receives funding from the Union Government as well as the State Government in the following ratios:<figure class="table" style="float:left;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">&nbsp;</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">Ratio - Centre: State/UT</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">States/ UTs with Legislature</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">60:40</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">North-East/ Himalayan states</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">90:10</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">UTs without Legislature</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">100:0</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> &nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">5</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Fund Flow Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;"><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The components of PMAY_G expense flow as depicted in the figure below</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Fund_Flow_under_PMAY_G_ca9cdafc0e.png"></figure>

Barabanki is located in the central plains of India and is an important part of the Middle Ganga Plain. The district comprises of 15 blocks. The district is mainly dependent on agriculture while other major industries include spinning and agro-based units.

PMAY-G is a flagship programme of the Government of India. It is the country’s largest public housing programme and aims to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022.

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_district_profile_ac14351602.png"></figure>

MDM_Barabanki_data.xlsx

MDM_Barabanki.pdf

Mid-day Meal Scheme: Some important details&nbsp; The MDM scheme (now Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM POSHAN) is a flagship programme of the Government of India to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance. Simultaneously it seeks to improve nutrition levels among children from class I-VIII in Government and Government-Aided Schools. Under the scheme, one hot cooked meal is provided to students in the primary and upper level of Government and Government-Aided Schools during all working days. Planning for the scheme (which includes anticipated number of working days, average number of students, amount of food grains to be distributed, identification of agency to supply cooked meals, etc.) is done based on information maintained at the school level and then aggregated at the Block, District and State level. After the approval of the State Level Steering cum Monitoring Committee, the plan is submitted to the Government of India for approval.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/MDM_Modal_window_2_table_a78d0394c2.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Fund_Flow_under_MDM_c1cb7d0391.png"></figure>

Barabanki lies in the central part of the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks. While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, major industries in the region include spinning and agro-based units. 

The MDM scheme (now Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM POSHAN) is a flagship programme of the Government of India to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance. 

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_8474709402.png"></figure>

ICDS_Barabanki_data.xlsx

ICDS_Barabanki.pdf

The ICDS scheme provides six services: supplementary nutrition, pre-school and non-formal education, nutrition and health education, immunisation, health check-ups and referral services. Anganwadi centres are responsible for delivering the scheme’s services at the ground level.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/ICDS_Modal_window_2_image_1_ICDS_Some_Important_Facts_29104d65eb.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/ICDS_Modal_window_2_image_2_Fund_Flow_under_ICDS_28bcbc50f0.png"></figure>

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is a flagship scheme of the government. It was launched in 1975 with the objective of providing early childhood care and development to children. However, it has since expanded in scope, and now caters to children (age 0-6 years), pregnant and lactating mothers, and adolescent girls

thumbnail_Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).png

Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).png

small_barabanki.png

thumbnail_barabanki.png

barabanki.png

The scheme was launched in FY 2016-17 by restructuring the Indira Awaas Yojana. Under the current scheme, states set targets for the number of beneficiaries per district. Eligible beneficiaries can register themselves with implementing agencies. A house is sanctioned once eligibility is verified. Next, beneficiaries’ bank accounts are verified, and the entire amount is deposited in instalments in the bank accounts of beneficiaries. Figure 1 shows aggregate level indicators for Barabanki district from the scheme’s beginning (FY 2016-17) till the end of the FY 2021-22.Figure 1: An Overview of Beneficiaries from 2016-17 to 2021-22<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/PMAY_Barabanki_Figure_1_Overview_of_Beneficiaries_from_FY_2016_17_till_the_end_of_FY_2021_22_060608ad24.png"></figure><ul><li>Registrations have been more than the number of targets, which likely indicates that either people outside the eligible beneficiaries list also got registered, or there might have been duplications.</li><li>Of the total targets, 99.7% of beneficiaries have had their houses sanctioned.</li><li>Of the total sanctioned houses, 98.9% of houses have been completed.</li></ul>

How has PMAY-G performed in the district?

The scheme was launched in FY 2016-17 by restructuring the Indira Awaas Yojana. Under the current scheme, states set targets for the number of beneficiaries per district. Eligible beneficiaries can register themselves with implementing agencies. A house is sanctioned once eligibility is verified. Next, beneficiaries’ bank accounts are verified, and the entire amount is deposited in instalments in the bank accounts of beneficiaries. Figure 1 shows aggregate level indicators for Barabanki district from the scheme’s beginning (FY 2016-17) till the end of the FY 2021-22. Figure 1: An Overview of Beneficiaries from 2016-17 to 2021-22 Registrations have been more than the number of targets, which likely indicates that either people outside the eligible beneficiaries list also got registered, or there might have been duplications. Of the total targets, 99.7% of beneficiaries have had their houses sanctioned. Of the total sanctioned houses, 98.9% of houses have been completed. 

Utilisation is measured as the expenditure made out of the total funds available, which, in turn, is the sum of the opening balance and funds received during the financial year. Figure 5 shows the utilisation rates for the district and the state.<ul><li>The fund utilisation of Barabanki exceeded that of the state in all years except 2020-21.</li><li>Both the district and the state saw fund utilisation drop in 2019-20.&nbsp; The main reason appears to be a bigger gap between the number of days for which meals were approved and the number of days on which meals were served.&nbsp; In 2018-19, these figures were 244 days and 249 days, respectively. In 2019-20, they were 189 days and 169 days, respectively.</li><li>In absolute terms, both the district and the state saw expenditure fall in 2019-20, but the high level of utilisation in the district is due to the relatively greater fall in funds available.</li></ul>Figure 5: Rate of Fund Utilisation at District and State level (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Rate_of_Fund_Utilisation_at_District_and_State_level_bc78629912.png"></figure>

How Does the District Compare with the State on Fund Utilisation? 

Utilisation is measured as the expenditure made out of the total funds available, which, in turn, is the sum of the opening balance and funds received during the financial year. Figure 5 shows the utilisation rates for the district and the state. The fund utilisation of Barabanki exceeded that of the state in all years except 2020-21. Both the district and the state saw fund utilisation drop in 2019-20. The main reason appears to be a bigger gap between the number of days for which meals were approved and the number of days on which meals were served. In 2018-19, these figures were 244 days and 249 days, respectively. In 2019-20, they were 189 days and 169 days, respectively. In absolute terms, both the district and the state saw expenditure fall in 2019-20, but the high level of utilisation in the district is due to the relatively greater fall in funds available. Figure 5: Rate of Fund Utilisation at District and State level (%) 

ICDS is a community-based programme targeted at children of 0-6 years of age, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating mothers. The primary objective of the scheme is to improve the health, nutrition and educational status of the target community. Figure 1 shows how nutritional indicators related to children, adolescent girls and maternal health have changed between 2015-16 and 2019-21.<ul><li>While the share of stunted and underweight children reduced, the remaining four indicators have worsened during this period.</li><li>Anaemia in all three population groups targeted by the scheme has increased.</li></ul>Figure 1: Performance of Barabanki in select nutritional indicators (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Performance_of_Barabanki_in_select_nutritional_indicators_2c5710d8a7.png"></figure>

How has the district performed on nutritional indicators between 2015-16 and 2020-21?

ICDS is a community-based programme targeted at children of 0-6 years of age, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating mothers. The primary objective of the scheme is to improve the health, nutrition and educational status of the target community. Figure 1 shows how nutritional indicators related to children, adolescent girls and maternal health have changed between 2015-16 and 2019-21. While the share of stunted and underweight children reduced, the remaining four indicators have worsened during this period. Anaemia in all three population groups targeted by the scheme has increased. Figure 1: Performance of Barabanki in select nutritional indicators (%) 

Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 13 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Barabanki. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailability of Information and ComprehensivenessInformation on funds availableYes; Information about availability of funds is available in PIP but some indicators such as opening balance, funds released, funds refunded and closing balance is compiled from RTI.Information on funds utilizedYesInformation on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHMYesGender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoCaste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoGeographical granularity of the fiscal indicatorFund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wiseExpenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wiseInformation on number of PHCs/DH/SDHYesAccessibilityLanguage in which information is availableEnglish onlyCompatibility on devicesPhone, tablet, laptop friendlyTimelinessHow frequently is data updated?YearlyRelevanceHow relevant would users find it?(i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district.(ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain.ReliabilityIs the data reliable?Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue.Accountability and Citizens' ParticipationAvailability of information on social auditProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.Availability of information on grievance redressalProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.

Where does the District Stand on Information Available for NHM?

Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 13 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Barabanki. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful. Transparency and Accountability Index Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes; Information about availability of funds is available in PIP but some indicators such as opening balance, funds released, funds refunded and closing balance is compiled from RTI. Information on funds utilized Yes Information on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHM Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Caste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Fund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wise Expenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wise Information on number of PHCs/DH/SDH Yes Accessibility Language in which information is available English only Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly Timeliness How frequently is data updated? Yearly Relevance How relevant would users find it? (i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district. (ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain. Reliability Is the data reliable? Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue. Accountability and Citizens' Participation Availability of information on social audit Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. Availability of information on grievance redressal Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. 

The state of Uttar Pradesh performed better than Barabanki in terms of indicators relating to child nutrition.<ul><li>While the state average for anaemia among children in NFHS 5 is marginally higher (66.4%) than in the district (65.5%), the district’s performance is seen to be deteriorating more over time than the state.</li><li>According to indicators related to anaemia among pregnant women and women aged 15-19 years, while the state was able to reduce the incidence of anaemia, Barabanki saw increased prevalence (Figure 2).</li><li>Regardless of change, anaemia across groups remains high in both the district and the state, and needs attention.</li></ul>Figure 2: Change in Nutritional Status from 2015-16 to 2019-21 (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Change_in_Nutritional_Status_from_2015_16_to_2019_21_c985feb450.png"></figure>

How is the district performing in comparison to the state?

The state of Uttar Pradesh performed better than Barabanki in terms of indicators relating to child nutrition. While the state average for anaemia among children in NFHS 5 is marginally higher (66.4%) than in the district (65.5%), the district’s performance is seen to be deteriorating more over time than the state. According to indicators related to anaemia among pregnant women and women aged 15-19 years, while the state was able to reduce the incidence of anaemia, Barabanki saw increased prevalence (Figure 2). Regardless of change, anaemia across groups remains high in both the district and the state, and needs attention. Figure 2: Change in Nutritional Status from 2015-16 to 2019-21 (%) 

Figure 1 shows higher fund availability in 2019-20 compared to the subsequent two years, probably to address challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic in a timely manner in the district. The government reduced allocation in both 2020-21 and 2021-22. According to data compiled from RTIs, in 2018-19, the total fund allocated was Rs. 83.17 crore and Rs. 61.63 crore was released.Figure 1: Availability of Funds Under NHM in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Availability_of_Funds_Under_NHM_in_Barabanki_71bff2924f.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in NHM Budgetary Allocation to the District? 

Figure 1 shows higher fund availability in 2019-20 compared to the subsequent two years, probably to address challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic in a timely manner in the district. The government reduced allocation in both 2020-21 and 2021-22. According to data compiled from RTIs, in 2018-19, the total fund allocated was Rs. 83.17 crore and Rs. 61.63 crore was released. Figure 1: Availability of Funds Under NHM in Barabanki 

In Barabanki district, beneficiaries receive the amount in three instalments under the PMAY-G scheme. According to scheme guidelines, the first instalment should be paid within 15 days of being sanctioned. Figure 5 compares the number of registrations and first instalments.Figure 5: Number of Registrations vs First Instalments<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Number_of_Registrations_vs_First_Instalments_6f1f30502f.png"></figure><ul><li>The number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 were higher than the number of registrations, likely indicating that these payments were delayed from earlier years.&nbsp;</li><li>In the last two years, the number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries was lesser than the number of registrations. Some registered beneficiaries are expected to be paid in the next financial year.</li><li>&nbsp;During the last two years, of the total 30,031 registrations only 25,679 beneficiaries or approximately 85% received their first instalments, However, according to the data, more than 98% of houses sanctioned in these two years have been completed. This anomaly needs further research.</li></ul>

What is the pattern of instalment payments?

In Barabanki district, beneficiaries receive the amount in three instalments under the PMAY-G scheme.According to scheme guidelines, the first instalment should be paid within 15 days of being sanctioned. Figure 5 compares the number of registrations and first instalments. Figure 5: Number of Registrations vs First Instalments The number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 were higher than the number of registrations, likely indicating that these payments were delayed from earlier years. In the last two years, the number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries was lesser than the number of registrations. Some registered beneficiaries are expected to be paid in the next financial year. During the last two years, of the total 30,031 registrations only 25,679 beneficiaries or approximately 85% received their first instalments, However, according to the data, more than 98% of houses sanctioned in these two years have been completed. This anomaly needs further research. 

Beneficiaries are given the total amount in three instalments depending on whether a pre-defined stage of house building has been completed. Out of the number of sanctioned houses and for which instalments have been initiated, not all houses are completed for various reasons.&nbsp; Figure 3 shows the number of completed houses of the total number of houses sanctioned in a particular year.Figure 3: Completed and Incomplete Houses<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Rs_Crore_8bfe899e84.png"></figure><ul><li>The rate of completion was very high (98% -100%) during the last five years.</li><li>In line with the low gap between targets and registrations, the scheme reflects a high rate of completion rate in the district.</li><li>The completion rate of 98% for houses sanctioned in 2021-22 is also very high, compared to other districts, notwithstanding that houses generally take longer than a year to be built.</li></ul>

Out of total sanctioned houses, how many have been built?

Beneficiaries are given the total amount in three instalments depending on whether a pre-defined stage of house building has been completed. Out of the number of sanctioned houses and for which instalments have been initiated, not all houses are completed for various reasons. Figure 3 shows the number of completed houses of the total number of houses sanctioned in a particular year. Figure 3: Completed and Incomplete Houses The rate of completion was very high (98% -100%) during the last five years. In line with the low gap between targets and registrations, the scheme reflects a high rate of completion rate in the district. The completion rate of 98% for houses sanctioned in 2021-22 is also very high, compared to other districts, notwithstanding that houses generally take longer than a year to be built. 

Figure 11 shows that adoption of permanent methods of sterilization has remained constant in Barabanki in the five-year period to 2019-20, but has declined for the state. This has been due to the adequate provisioning of resources under the RCH pool of NHM to facilitate sterilisation services in public health facilities in the district.Figure 11: Share of Public Institutions in Sterilizations (Tubectomies and Vasectomies) Conducted in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_11_Share_of_Public_Institutions_in_Sterilizations_Tubectomies_and_Vasectomies_Conducted_in_Barabanki_1e58b216f4.png"></figure>

How has the District Performed in Family Planning?

Figure 11 shows that adoption of permanent methods of sterilization has remained constant in Barabanki in the five-year period to 2019-20, but has declined for the state. This has been due to the adequate provisioning of resources under the RCH pool of NHM to facilitate sterilisation services in public health facilities in the district. Figure 11: Share of Public Institutions in Sterilizations (Tubectomies and Vasectomies) Conducted in Barabanki (%) 

One of the objectives of the scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the trend of enrolment in all schools in the district where MDM is provided.<ul><li>In the four years from 2017-18 to 2020-21, there has been an average annual increase of 2.3% in enrolment in schools that provide MDM (government schools and government-aided schools).</li><li>Over the same period, the average annual increase for the state was 1.7%.</li><li>The average annual increase In Barabanki was more at the upper primary level (4.4%) than the primary level (1.5%).</li></ul>Figure 1: Total Enrolment in Schools Providing MDM<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Total_Enrolment_in_Schools_Providing_MDM_5c7d7416b0.png"></figure>

Has MDM Helped Increase Enrolment of Students in Gajapati?

One of the objectives of the scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the trend of enrolment in all schools in the district where MDM is provided. In the four years from 2017-18 to 2020-21, there has been an average annual increase of 2.3% in enrolment in schools that provide MDM (government schools and government-aided schools). Over the same period, the average annual increase for the state was 1.7%. The average annual increase In Barabanki was more at the upper primary level (4.4%) than the primary level (1.5%). Figure 1: Total Enrolment in Schools Providing MDM 

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender.Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Gender_Disaggregated_Employment_Data_a7e37160d5.png"></figure><ul><li>Compared to 2017-18, both men and women saw a higher number of employed days in 2020-21.</li><li>In 2021-22, while the number of person-days declined for men, it increased for women.</li><li>After declining for the first four years of our study period, the share of women in work-days increased in 2021-22. This is largely because of a decline in work-days for men and an increase for women.</li><li>From the data available, it is not possible to infer if the increase in work-days for women is due to more women working or an increase in the average number of days that women are working. Data availability in this regard would be helpful on the scheme MIS.</li></ul>

How Has Employment Been Distributed Across Gender?

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender. Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data Compared to 2017-18, both men and women saw a higher number of employed days in 2020-21. In 2021-22, while the number of person-days declined for men, it increased for women. After declining for the first four years of our study period, the share of women in work-days increased in 2021-22. This is largely because of a decline in work-days for men and an increase for women. From the data available, it is not possible to infer if the increase in work-days for women is due to more women working or an increase in the average number of days that women are working. Data availability in this regard would be helpful on the scheme MIS. 

<ul><li>Budget utilisation under NHM was 71% in 2018-19 in Barabanki, which shows an inadequate amount of utilisation. This resulted in accumulation of large unspent balances.</li><li>Some areas where Barabanki has performed fairly well are facilitating of institutional deliveries, institutional sterilisation and child immunisation. The indicators for these have improved over time.</li><li>Areas in which Barabanki has not performed well are overall maternal healthcare (high incidence of anaemic women and unsafe home deliveries), which poses a high risk of maternal mortality in the district.</li><li>Overall availability of health infrastructure in Barabanki is inadequate given its population. Greater funds should be provided for while laying out the resource envelope for the district. Additionally, more funds should be allocated to build capacity among health workers and equip public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district.</li></ul>

Key Takeaways

Budget utilisation under NHM was 71% in 2018-19 in Barabanki, which shows an inadequate amount of utilisation. This resulted in accumulation of large unspent balances. Some areas where Barabanki has performed fairly well are facilitating of institutional deliveries, institutional sterilisation and child immunisation. The indicators for these have improved over time. Areas in which Barabanki has not performed well are overall maternal healthcare (high incidence of anaemic women and unsafe home deliveries), which poses a high risk of maternal mortality in the district. Overall availability of health infrastructure in Barabanki is inadequate given its population. Greater funds should be provided for while laying out the resource envelope for the district. Additionally, more funds should be allocated to build capacity among health workers and equip public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district. 

ICDS general: This component covers salaries, honorarium, infrastructure and pre-school education.Figure 6: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under ICDS general in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_ICDS_general_in_Barabanki_d504ac9b4e.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation was highest in 2019-20, with an increase of 17% over the previous year. This increase, which is in accordance with the overall increase in funds released to the state, may be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and helpers (AWHs) announced at the end of the third quarter of 2018-19 by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. This hike was to be paid from October 2018 onwards, with an additional provision of performance-based incentives.</li><li>In the following year, 2020-21, allocation was reduced by 33%. This may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the Central treasury instead of the district treasury that year.</li></ul>Infrastructure building at Anganwadi centres (AWCs): AWCs are crucial to deliver various services under ICDS, including supplementary nutrition, basic healthcare and pre-school education.Figure 7: Allocation, expenditure and utilisation funds to construct Anganwadi centres in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_funds_to_construct_Anganwadi_centres_in_Barabanki_0a09fecd5a.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation to construct AWCs was highest in 2019-20 and lowest in 2020-21, when it plunged 90%.</li><li>In 2020-21, however, there was an allocation of an additional Rs 0.045 crore for upgradation of AWCs.</li><li>In 2019-20 and 2020-21, 2,715 AWCs were approved for construction in Uttar Pradesh, of which 532 AWCs are yet to be completed (as on 11.02.2022) and 49 are yet to see construction begin (as reported in Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 152).</li><li>As noted by the state government, construction of various AWCs was stuck due to delays in disbursement of funds under MGNREGS, water logging at sites, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. However, the state has extended the timeline for their construction.</li></ul>Figure 8 shows the number of AWCs in Barabanki without their own building—they are running from community premises such as schools, panchayats and other community spaces.Figure 8: Infrastructure of AWCs in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Infrastructure_of_AW_Cs_in_Barabanki_761d33b179.png"></figure>Supplementary Nutrition Programme: The SNP is designed to bridge the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’. SNP is provided in two ways: take-home rations (THR) and hot-cooked meals at Anganwadi Centres (AWCs).&nbsp; Take-home rations are provided in the form of dry ration or pre-cooked meals to children aged 6 to 36 months, as well as pregnant and lactating women. THR seeks to address the nutrition gap in new-borns and young children.Figure 9: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under SNP in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_SNP_in_Barabanki_d41329d238.png"></figure><ul><li>Both allocation and expenditure increased by 22.1% from 2018-19 to 2019-20. However, in 2020-21, there was a sudden dip, which may be attributed to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year. This has been carried through the withdrawal of funds from the district treasury and redistribution through the central treasury in the state.</li></ul>National Nutrition Mission: To give nutrition efforts a further impetus, POSHAN Abhiyaan, or the National Nutrition Mission (NNM), was launched by the Government of India with the target of reducing undernutrition by 2 percentage points each year. POSHAN Abhiyaan has been rolled out in a phased manner since 2018, with the aim of converging and monitoring all nutrition-related schemes. Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, the budget is allocated for programme components such as ICT application (POSHAN tracker), convergence, community mobilisation, behavioural change Jan Andolan, capacity building, incentives and awards, and innovations.Figure 10: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under NNM in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_NNM_in_Barabanki_248c9cbab1.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation for NNM was the lowest in the first year. It increased the next year by 390%, possibly due to the phase-wise inception of NNM.</li><li>Utilisation of funds, however, was highest in the first year and significantly lower in 2020-21, with only 24% of funds allocated being spent.</li><li>According to data from the Press Information Bureau (2021), Uttar Pradesh has one of the lowest levels of utilisation under NNM—its average fund utilisation from 2018-19 to 2020-21 was 33.8%. However, the district of Barabanki shows an average utilisation of 64.2%, which is much higher.</li></ul>

What is the trend in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of various components/activities taken up under ICDS?

ICDS general: This component covers salaries, honorarium, infrastructure and pre-school education. Figure 6: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under ICDS general in Barabanki Allocation was highest in 2019-20, with an increase of 17% over the previous year. This increase, which is in accordance with the overall increase in funds released to the state, may be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and helpers (AWHs) announced at the end of the third quarter of 2018-19 by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. This hike was to be paid from October 2018 onwards, with an additional provision of performance-based incentives. In the following year, 2020-21, allocation was reduced by 33%. This may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the Central treasury instead of the district treasury that year. Infrastructure building at Anganwadi centres (AWCs): AWCs are crucial to deliver various services under ICDS, including supplementary nutrition, basic healthcare and pre-school education. Figure 7: Allocation, expenditure and utilisation funds to construct Anganwadi centres in Barabanki Allocation to construct AWCs was highest in 2019-20 and lowest in 2020-21, when it plunged 90%. In 2020-21, however, there was an allocation of an additional Rs 0.045 crore for upgradation of AWCs. In 2019-20 and 2020-21, 2,715 AWCs were approved for construction in Uttar Pradesh, of which 532 AWCs are yet to be completed (as on 11.02.2022) and 49 are yet to see construction begin (as reported in Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 152). As noted by the state government, construction of various AWCs was stuck due to delays in disbursement of funds under MGNREGS, water logging at sites, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. However, the state has extended the timeline for their construction. Figure 8 shows the number of AWCs in Barabanki without their own building—they are running from community premises such as schools, panchayats and other community spaces. Figure 8: Infrastructure of AWCs in Barabanki Supplementary Nutrition Programme: The SNP is designed to bridge the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’. SNP is provided in two ways: take-home rations (THR) and hot-cooked meals at Anganwadi Centres (AWCs). Take-home rations are provided in the form of dry ration or pre-cooked meals to children aged 6 to 36 months, as well as pregnant and lactating women. THR seeks to address the nutrition gap in new-borns and young children. Figure 9: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under SNP in Barabanki Both allocation and expenditure increased by 22.1% from 2018-19 to 2019-20. However, in 2020-21, there was a sudden dip, which may be attributed to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year. This has been carried through the withdrawal of funds from the district treasury and redistribution through the central treasury in the state. National Nutrition Mission: To give nutrition efforts a further impetus, POSHAN Abhiyaan, or the National Nutrition Mission (NNM), was launched by the Government of India with the target of reducing undernutrition by 2 percentage points each year. POSHAN Abhiyaan has been rolled out in a phased manner since 2018, with the aim of converging and monitoring all nutrition-related schemes. Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, the budget is allocated for programme components such as ICT application (POSHAN tracker), convergence, community mobilisation, behavioural change Jan Andolan , capacity building, incentives and awards, and innovations. Figure 10: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under NNM in Barabanki Allocation for NNM was the lowest in the first year. It increased the next year by 390%, possibly due to the phase-wise inception of NNM. Utilisation of funds, however, was highest in the first year and significantly lower in 2020-21, with only 24% of funds allocated being spent. According to data from the Press Information Bureau (2021), Uttar Pradesh has one of the lowest levels of utilisation under NNM—its average fund utilisation from 2018-19 to 2020-21 was 33.8%. However, the district of Barabanki shows an average utilisation of 64.2%, which is much higher. 

Given the importance of the scheme in providing safe and liveable houses for large numbers of people, information about the scheme should be available and easily accessible.Figure 8 lists various aspects of required data and whether such data is publicly available. Information regarding PMAY-G is available on the scheme MIS which can be accessed at: <a href="https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx">https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx</a> (Data accessed on 30h August, 2022). &nbsp;Transparency and Accountability Index&nbsp;Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness<ul><li>Information on allocated funds<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on received funds<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds for different components<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li></ul>Accessibility<ul><li>Language of availability of information<ul><li>English</li></ul></li><li>Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop</li></ul></li></ul>Timeliness<ul><li>How frequently are data updated<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul></li></ul>Relevance<ul><li>Relevance of data<ul><li>Relevant for monitoring purposes.</li></ul></li></ul>Reliability<ul><li>Reliability of data<ul><li>Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India audit reports are not available on the PMAY-G website. Therefore, authenticating the data with the MIS and matching evidence on the ground is essential.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation<ul><li>Social Audit schedules<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Availability of social audit reports<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Contact details for lodging complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details about the number of complaints, status and action taken are available.</li></ul></li></ul>

How does the district fare in terms of information available on PMAY-G?

Given the importance of the scheme in providing safe and liveable houses for large numbers of people, information about the scheme should be available and easily accessible. Figure 8 lists various aspects of required data and whether such data is publicly available. Information regarding PMAY-G is available on the scheme MIS which can be accessed at: https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx (Data accessed on 30h August, 2022). Transparency and Accountability Index Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on allocated funds Yes Information on received funds Yes Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Information on funds for different components Yes Accessibility Language of availability of information English Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop Timeliness How frequently are data updated Real-Time Relevance Relevance of data Relevant for monitoring purposes. Reliability Reliability of data Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India audit reports are not available on the PMAY-G website. Therefore, authenticating the data with the MIS and matching evidence on the ground is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules No Availability of social audit reports No Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas No Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Contact details for lodging complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details about the number of complaints, status and action taken are available. 

Figure 4 shows the per capita allocation of funds in Barabanki district in 2018-19 was Rs 182, which was only Rs 8 lower than the state figure.Figure 4: Per Capita Health Expenditure Under NHM in 2018-19 (Rs)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Per_Capita_Health_Expenditure_Under_NHM_in_2018_19_Rs_96bdd5e894.png"></figure>

What is the Per Capita Allocation Under NHM to the District?

Figure 4 shows the per capita allocation of funds in Barabanki district in 2018-19 was Rs 182, which was only Rs 8 lower than the state figure. Figure 4: Per Capita Health Expenditure Under NHM in 2018-19 (Rs) 

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district.&nbsp; The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (<a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx</a>). The Data accessed on 20th June, 2022.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in BarabankiAvailability of Information and Comprehensiveness<ul><li>Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof'<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen)<ul><li>Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status.</li></ul></li><li>Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on work/project undertaken<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator<ul><li>Houeshold</li></ul></li></ul>Accessibility<ul><li>Language of availability of information<ul><li>English only (Addition of Hindi and other regional languages may be more useful to beneficiaries)</li></ul></li><li>Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users.</li></ul></li></ul>Timeliness<ul><li>Frequency of data updation<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul></li></ul>Relevance<ul><li>How relevant would users find it<ul><li>It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Reliability<ul><li>Whether the data is reliable<ul><li>While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation<ul><li>Social Audit schedules<ul><li>Social audit calendars are available.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of social audit reports<ul><li>Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit.</li></ul></li><li>Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas<ul><li>Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: <a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Where Does the District Stand on Information Available for MGNREGS?

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district. The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx ). The Data accessed on 20th June, 2022. Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in Barabanki Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof' Yes Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen) Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status. Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data Yes Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups Yes Availability of information on work/project undertaken Yes Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Houeshold Accessibility Language of availability of information English only (Addition of Hindi and other regional languages may be more useful to beneficiaries) Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users. Timeliness Frequency of data updation Real-Time Relevance How relevant would users find it It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc. Reliability Whether the data is reliable While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules Social audit calendars are available. Availability of social audit reports Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit. Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given. Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery Yes Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg 

Figure 5 shows that in the five-year period to 2019-20, Barabanki has mostly trailed Uttar Pradesh in share of inpatient departments (IPDs) to outpatient departments (OPDs). This implies that adequate allocation of funds for the provision of tertiary and critical care still needs to be prioritised in the district.Figure 5: Share of IPDs to OPDs (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Share_of_IP_Ds_to_OP_Ds_9630aed47a.png"></figure>As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guidelines, a population of 3,000-5,000 should be covered by Sub Centres (SCs), 20,000-30,000 by Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 80,000 by Community Health Centres (CHCs) in tribal/hilly and 1,20,000 in plain areas. Figure 6 represents per capita availability of various types of health centres in Barabanki as on 31st March, 2021.Figure 6: Per Capita Availability of Various Types of Health Centres<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Per_Capita_Availability_of_Various_Types_of_Health_Centres_519177780e.png"></figure>The availability of health centres in Barabanki is far from the standards prescribed by the IPHS guidelines. In Barabanki, the average population is 1,71,000 per CHC, 57,200 per PHC and 9,300 per SC. These numbers are higher for Uttar Pradesh: 2,65,000 per CHC, 68,300 per PHC and 9,600 per SC.According to the PIP, budgetary allocation for the annual maintenance of district hospitals, CHCs, PHCs, Sub Centres, VHSCs (Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee) and additional untied funds was Rs 2.31 crore in 2019-20 and Rs 3.04 crore in 2020-21.There is also allocation of funds under infrastructure components amounting to Rs 60 lakh and Rs 523.3 lakh in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Significant funds allocated in 2020-21 under infrastructure was under the sub-head infrastructure strengthening of sub-centres to health and wellness centres (H&amp;WC).

Where does the District Stand on Availability of Healthcare Infrastructure? 

Figure 5 shows that in the five-year period to 2019-20, Barabanki has mostly trailed Uttar Pradesh in share of inpatient departments (IPDs) to outpatient departments (OPDs). This implies that adequate allocation of funds for the provision of tertiary and critical care still needs to be prioritised in the district. Figure 5: Share of IPDs to OPDs (%) As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guidelines, a population of 3,000-5,000 should be covered by Sub Centres (SCs), 20,000-30,000 by Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 80,000 by Community Health Centres (CHCs) in tribal/hilly and 1,20,000 in plain areas. Figure 6 represents per capita availability of various types of health centres in Barabanki as on 31st March, 2021. Figure 6: Per Capita Availability of Various Types of Health Centres The availability of health centres in Barabanki is far from the standards prescribed by the IPHS guidelines. In Barabanki, the average population is 1,71,000 per CHC, 57,200 per PHC and 9,300 per SC. These numbers are higher for Uttar Pradesh: 2,65,000 per CHC, 68,300 per PHC and 9,600 per SC. According to the PIP, budgetary allocation for the annual maintenance of district hospitals, CHCs, PHCs, Sub Centres, VHSCs (Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee) and additional untied funds was Rs 2.31 crore in 2019-20 and Rs 3.04 crore in 2020-21. There is also allocation of funds under infrastructure components amounting to Rs 60 lakh and Rs 523.3 lakh in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Significant funds allocated in 2020-21 under infrastructure was under the sub-head infrastructure strengthening of sub-centres to health and wellness centres (H&WC). 

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses.The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailabilityIs the data is available at the district level?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme, ICDS General, National Nutrition Mission, and construction of Anganwadis (2017-18 to 2020-21). It is available for the following fiscal indicators: funds allocated, current month expenditure (April), progressive expenditure up to month (April), and percentage of allocation upon expenditure.Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey.Is the data available via online/offline mode?Fiscal (input) indicators: OnlineOutcome indicators: OnlineAccessibilityIs the data available in an 'open access' format?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: YesIs the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format.Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format.Is the data published in multiple languages?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, English and HindiOutcome indicators: No, English onlyCompleteness/Comprehensiveness&nbsp;&nbsp;Is the data complete or partial?Fiscal (input) indicators: Fiscal information is available for various components along with disaggregated information about the standard objects under each of these components.Outcome indicators: The information is comprehensive and available for similar indicators for both districts and states.Timeliness of Data that is availableIs the data generated on a timely and regular basis?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: NoHow frequently is the data updated?Fiscal (input) indicators: Real timeOutcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years.Which year does the latest data cover?Fiscal (input) indicators: Latest/ ongoing financial yearOutcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20.User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available&nbsp;Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?)Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required.Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly.Public participation and accountability&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level?NoAre people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation?NoIf there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation?NoIs there any provision for a social audit of the scheme?NoAre social audits conducted as per norms?NoAre social audit reports publicly available?Not applicableIs there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries?No

Where does the district stand on information available on ICDS?

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses. The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators. Transparency and Accountability Index Availability Is the data is available at the district level? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme, ICDS General, National Nutrition Mission, and construction of Anganwadis (2017-18 to 2020-21). It is available for the following fiscal indicators: funds allocated, current month expenditure (April), progressive expenditure up to month (April), and percentage of allocation upon expenditure. Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey. Is the data available via online/offline mode? Fiscal (input) indicators: Online Outcome indicators: Online Accessibility Is the data available in an 'open access' format? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: Yes Is the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format. Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format. Is the data published in multiple languages? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, English and Hindi Outcome indicators: No, English only Completeness/Comprehensiveness Is the data complete or partial? Fiscal (input) indicators: Fiscal information is available for various components along with disaggregated information about the standard objects under each of these components. Outcome indicators: The information is comprehensive and available for similar indicators for both districts and states. Timeliness of Data that is available Is the data generated on a timely and regular basis? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: No How frequently is the data updated? Fiscal (input) indicators: Real time Outcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years. Which year does the latest data cover? Fiscal (input) indicators: Latest/ ongoing financial year Outcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20. User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?) Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required. Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly. Public participation and accountability Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level? No Are people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation? No If there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation? No Is there any provision for a social audit of the scheme? No Are social audits conducted as per norms? No Are social audit reports publicly available? Not applicable Is there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries? No 

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below.&nbsp;Figure 5: Components of Expenditure<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Total_Payments_Due_Rs_Lakh_6f4bdfcda8.png"></figure><ul><li>From 2018-19 onwards, expenditure on wages has increased continuously.</li><li>During 2020-21, when there was sudden increase in demand for MGNREGS, the total increase in expenditure was equally distributed between wages and material. This is different from most districts, where a much larger portion went towards increased wage payment.</li><li>The other two components (taxes and administration expenses) are in the range of a combined Rs 4-9 crore in this period.</li></ul>

Where is the Money Going?

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below. Figure 5: Components of Expenditure From 2018-19 onwards, expenditure on wages has increased continuously. During 2020-21, when there was sudden increase in demand for MGNREGS, the total increase in expenditure was equally distributed between wages and material. This is different from most districts, where a much larger portion went towards increased wage payment. The other two components (taxes and administration expenses) are in the range of a combined Rs 4-9 crore in this period. 

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Scheduled Tribes (STs), Scheduled Castes (SCs) and others.Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Employment_for_S_Ts_and_S_Cs_a7d23907c3.png"></figure><ul><li>Barabanki has a very small population of Scheduled Tribes. Hence their share in MGNREGS work is also almost negligible.</li><li>The two remaining groups, SCs and others, both saw an increase in work-days between 2017-18 and 2021-22.</li><li>The share of SCs in total person-days of work has ranged from 38.7% to 40.3%. This is higher than the 26.5% share of SCs in the district population.</li></ul>

How Has Employment Been Distributed Across Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes?

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Scheduled Tribes (STs), Scheduled Castes (SCs) and others. Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs Barabanki has a very small population of Scheduled Tribes. Hence their share in MGNREGS work is also almost negligible. The two remaining groups, SCs and others, both saw an increase in work-days between 2017-18 and 2021-22. The share of SCs in total person-days of work has ranged from 38.7% to 40.3%. This is higher than the 26.5% share of SCs in the district population. 

Figure 4 and Figure 5 analyse the trend of allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS in Barabanki, based on data collected from the district treasury (accessed on 30th October, 2022). Here, utilisation of funds is calculated in percentage terms as expenditure over allocation.<ul><li>In the first three years, there was an average increase of 21% in allocation. In 2020-21, however, allocation fell by 39% (Figure 4).</li><li>This big drop in funds in 2020-21 may be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury (Lucknow, in the case of Uttar Pradesh). In 2020-21, funds were directly transferred to beneficiaries under the Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) and as honorarium to Anganwadi workers and helpers.</li><li>The first lockdown period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic fell in 2020-21. There were several short- and medium-term disruptions that impacted ICDS services such as pre-school activities, and distribution of hot, cooked meals and snacks, among others. This may be an additional reason for the fall in allotment and expenditure that year.</li></ul>Figure 4: Allocation and Expenditure of ICDS funds in Barabanki (Rs crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Allocation_and_Expenditure_of_ICDS_funds_in_Barabanki_Rs_crore_79bd238536.png"></figure><ul><li>Utilisation of allocated funds increased in 2018-19, but fell significantly in 2019-20. Since the expenditure remained similar to the previous year, this may have been due to the allocated amount not being spent under the components discussed below.</li></ul>Figure 5: Utilisation of ICDS funds in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Utilisation_of_ICDS_funds_in_Barabanki_7c93ba2568.png"></figure>

What is the overall trend in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS?

Figure 4 and Figure 5 analyse the trend of allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS in Barabanki, based on data collected from the district treasury (accessed on 30th October, 2022). Here, utilisation of funds is calculated in percentage terms as expenditure over allocation. In the first three years, there was an average increase of 21% in allocation. In 2020-21, however, allocation fell by 39% (Figure 4). This big drop in funds in 2020-21 may be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury (Lucknow, in the case of Uttar Pradesh). In 2020-21, funds were directly transferred to beneficiaries under the Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) and as honorarium to Anganwadi workers and helpers. The first lockdown period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic fell in 2020-21. There were several short- and medium-term disruptions that impacted ICDS services such as pre-school activities, and distribution of hot, cooked meals and snacks, among others. This may be an additional reason for the fall in allotment and expenditure that year. Figure 4: Allocation and Expenditure of ICDS funds in Barabanki (Rs crore) Utilisation of allocated funds increased in 2018-19, but fell significantly in 2019-20. Since the expenditure remained similar to the previous year, this may have been due to the allocated amount not being spent under the components discussed below. Figure 5: Utilisation of ICDS funds in Barabanki (%) 

Figure 2 shows the utilisation of funds under NHM in 2018-19 in Barabanki district was similar to that for the state. Of the Rs. 83.17 crore allocated for the district in 2018-19, only Rs. 59.18 crore was utilised. For Uttar Pradesh state, against its allocation of Rs. 5,431.9 crore, it utilised Rs. 3,792.24 crore.Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in 2018-19<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Utilisation_of_Funds_under_NHM_in_2018_19_9af048f598.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Utilization of NHM Funds in the District?

Figure 2 shows the utilisation of funds under NHM in 2018-19 in Barabanki district was similar to that for the state. Of the Rs. 83.17 crore allocated for the district in 2018-19, only Rs. 59.18 crore was utilised. For Uttar Pradesh state, against its allocation of Rs. 5,431.9 crore, it utilised Rs. 3,792.24 crore. Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in 2018-19 

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are:<ul><li>Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI)</li><li>Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains</li><li>Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH)</li><li>Transportation cost of foodgrains</li><li>Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME)</li><li>Construction of kitchens</li><li>Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment</li></ul>Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components.Figure 4 shows the trend of fund available and expenditure in the district of Barabanki.<ul><li>Fund availability and expenditure trends closely follow the trend of number of approvals and number of students availing of meals, as can be expected.</li><li>In this four-year period, there was a fund shortage of Rs 2.5 crore in 2018-19. In the remaining three years, there were unutilised funds at the end of the financial year.</li><li>The sharp increase in 2020-21 can be attributed to the closure of schools in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Instead of meals in schools, students were given a food security allowance. This covered all students, as opposed to the previous year, when the number of students approved for meals was generally around half the enrolments.</li></ul>Figure 4: Total Availability and Expenditure under MDM in Barabanki (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Total_Availability_and_Expenditure_under_MDM_in_Barabanki_Rs_lakh_8015473968.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Total Fund Availability and Expenditure?

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are: Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH) Transportation cost of foodgrains Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME) Construction of kitchens Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components. Figure 4 shows the trend of fund available and expenditure in the district of Barabanki. Fund availability and expenditure trends closely follow the trend of number of approvals and number of students availing of meals, as can be expected. In this four-year period, there was a fund shortage of Rs 2.5 crore in 2018-19. In the remaining three years, there were unutilised funds at the end of the financial year. The sharp increase in 2020-21 can be attributed to the closure of schools in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Instead of meals in schools, students were given a food security allowance. This covered all students, as opposed to the previous year, when the number of students approved for meals was generally around half the enrolments. Figure 4: Total Availability and Expenditure under MDM in Barabanki (Rs lakh) 

Figure 8 shows the utilisation rate for all four components for the district and the state.<ul><li>Utilisation rate has the same trend in the district and state for three components: CCH, foodgrains and transport.</li><li>Utilisation rate of the district generally compares favourably with that of the state for the above three components.</li><li>For cooking costs, the trend as well as the level diverges between the district and the state.</li><li>The high utilisation rate in the district in 2018-19 is on account of higher-than-budgeted expenditure— Rs 26.3 crore against a fund allocation of Rs 23.6 crore.</li><li>The high level of utilisation in the district in 2019-20 is on account of payment of dues of the previous year as well as fewer funds being received compared to the allocation: Rs 18.5 crore versus Rs 23.9 crore.</li></ul>Figure 8: Utilisation rate %<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Utilisation_rate_2a266a63ec.png"></figure>

How does Fund Utilisation by the District Compare with that of the State?

Figure 8 shows the utilisation rate for all four components for the district and the state. Utilisation rate has the same trend in the district and state for three components: CCH, foodgrains and transport. Utilisation rate of the district generally compares favourably with that of the state for the above three components. For cooking costs, the trend as well as the level diverges between the district and the state. The high utilisation rate in the district in 2018-19 is on account of higher-than-budgeted expenditure— Rs 26.3 crore against a fund allocation of Rs 23.6 crore. The high level of utilisation in the district in 2019-20 is on account of payment of dues of the previous year as well as fewer funds being received compared to the allocation: Rs 18.5 crore versus Rs 23.9 crore. Figure 8: Utilisation rate % 

The ownership of houses under the PMAY-G scheme is reported under three categories – men, women and joint ownership. Figure 6 shows the distribution of houses under these categories.&nbsp;Figure 6: Gender-wise distribution of sanctioned vs completed houses&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Number_of_Houses_Sanctioned_vs_Completed_d8ee26a505.png"></figure><ul><li>In the last five years, houses were nearly equally distributed among the three categories, constituting a share of 33-34%.</li></ul>Figure 7 shows different rates of house completion.&nbsp;Figure 7: Rate of House Completion for Different Categories of House Owners (Percent)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Completion_rate_for_different_category_of_house_owners_78f42ff673.png"></figure><ul><li>The completion rate for all three categories during the five-year period was 97%-98%.</li><li>There have been some year-wise fluctuations. Except the ‘joint’ category in 2019-20, the completion rate has been higher than 97%.</li></ul>

How are houses distributed according to gender?

The ownership of houses under the PMAY-G scheme is reported under three categories – men, women and joint ownership. Figure 6 shows the distribution of houses under these categories. Figure 6: Gender-wise distribution of sanctioned vs completed houses In the last five years, houses were nearly equally distributed among the three categories, constituting a share of 33-34%. Figure 7 shows different rates of house completion. Figure 7: Rate of House Completion for Different Categories of House Owners (Percent) The completion rate for all three categories during the five-year period was 97%-98%. There have been some year-wise fluctuations. Except the ‘joint’ category in 2019-20, the completion rate has been higher than 97%. 

A district receives funds based on targets, unit assistance and utilisation. Given the nature of expenditure, one house can be built over the course of more than one financial year.&nbsp; Figure 4 shows the yearly as well as cumulative availability and fund expenditures under the scheme between 2017 and 2022.&nbsp;Figure 4: Available funds and Expenditure Incurred (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Completed_and_Incomplete_House_6b44857e6a.png"></figure><ul><li>Since allocation is based on the number of eligible beneficiaries in the district, the trend of allocation is a reflection of year-wise changes in the number of eligible beneficiaries.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>The period of construction as well as payment of instalments can be spread over more than one financial year. As a result, funds allocation and utilisation during a year and utilisation in each year are not strictly comparable which is generally the case with other schemes.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Utilisation of funds in 2017-18 was much higher than the allocated amount. This is most likely owing to utilisation of funds from earlier years. Similarly, unutilised funds of 2020-21 are likely to be spent in subsequent years.</li></ul>

How Much Fund Was Made Available and How Much Was Spent?

A district receives funds based on targets, unit assistance and utilisation. Given the nature of expenditure, one house can be built over the course of more than one financial year. Figure 4 shows the yearly as well as cumulative availability and fund expenditures under the scheme between 2017 and 2022. Figure 4: Available funds and Expenditure Incurred (Rs Crore) Since allocation is based on the number of eligible beneficiaries in the district, the trend of allocation is a reflection of year-wise changes in the number of eligible beneficiaries. The period of construction as well as payment of instalments can be spread over more than one financial year. As a result, funds allocation and utilisation during a year and utilisation in each year are not strictly comparable which is generally the case with other schemes. Utilisation of funds in 2017-18 was much higher than the allocated amount. This is most likely owing to utilisation of funds from earlier years. Similarly, unutilised funds of 2020-21 are likely to be spent in subsequent years. 

Figure 12 shows an improvement in child immunization in Barabanki by 14.7 percentage points between 2015-16 and 2019-20. However, adequate provisioning of funds for ASHA Workers still needs to be prioritised. Incentives for ASHAs under the immunization programme declined from Rs 1.57 crore in 2019-20 to 1.49 crore in 2020-21.Figure 12: Fully Immunized Children (9-11 Months) in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_12_Fully_Immunized_Children_9_11_Months_in_Barabanki_aa102052c9.png"></figure>

How has the District Performed in Neo-Natal, Infant, Child and Adolescent Health?

Figure 12 shows an improvement in child immunization in Barabanki by 14.7 percentage points between 2015-16 and 2019-20. However, adequate provisioning of funds for ASHA Workers still needs to be prioritised. Incentives for ASHAs under the immunization programme declined from Rs 1.57 crore in 2019-20 to 1.49 crore in 2020-21. Figure 12: Fully Immunized Children (9-11 Months) in Barabanki (%) 

Institutional deliveries: Figure 7 shows that maternal healthcare in Barabanki is highly dependent on the availability and accessibility of public health facilities in the district. Institutional deliveries have exceeded the state average in the last few years. Even as the share of institutional deliveries declined in the state, it remained constant for Barabanki, aided by financial assistance granted to mothers under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of NHM.Figure 7: Institutional Deliveries in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Institutional_Deliveries_in_Barabanki_984dffd324.png"></figure>Ante-natal check-ups (ANCs): Figure 8 shows that of the pregnant women registered in these five years, only 59% received four antenatal check-ups, with the share being the lowest in 2017-18. This gradually increased owing to greater resource availability.Figure 8: Pregnant Women Who Received Ante-Natal Check-Up (ANC) in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Pregnant_Women_Who_Received_Ante_Natal_Check_Up_ANC_in_Barabanki_430a7d255b.png"></figure>Treatment of anemia: Figure 9 shows that prevalence of anaemia between 2015-16 and 2020-21 has increased for both groups of women—pregnant as well as others, with the increase being more for the former. This indicates that more attention needs to be paid to treat anaemia in the district, especially among pregnant women.Figure 9: Incidence of Anaemia Among Women in Barabanki (Age Group 15-49 Years, %)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Incidence_of_Anaemia_Among_Women_in_Barabanki_Age_Group_15_49_Years_b59692a59f.png"></figure>Safety of Home Deliveries: Figure 10 shows that in spite of facilities for institutional deliveries in Barabanki, a considerable segment of pregnant women prefer home deliveries over institutional deliveries in the district. However, it’s a matter of serious concern that a very low share of home deliveries were attended by skilled birth attendants (SBA), increasing the risk of unsafe home deliveries causing mortality and other complications. Thus, adequate provisioning of resources is required to facilitate safe home deliveries.Figure 10: Share of Home Deliveries Attended by Skilled Birth Attendants in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Share_of_Home_Deliveries_Attended_by_Skilled_Birth_Attendants_in_Barabanki_7c189abb94.png"></figure>

How has the District Performed in Maternal Healthcare? 

Institutional deliveries: Figure 7 shows that maternal healthcare in Barabanki is highly dependent on the availability and accessibility of public health facilities in the district. Institutional deliveries have exceeded the state average in the last few years. Even as the share of institutional deliveries declined in the state, it remained constant for Barabanki, aided by financial assistance granted to mothers under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of NHM. Figure 7: Institutional Deliveries in Barabanki (%) Ante-natal check-ups (ANCs) : Figure 8 shows that of the pregnant women registered in these five years, only 59% received four antenatal check-ups, with the share being the lowest in 2017-18. This gradually increased owing to greater resource availability. Figure 8: Pregnant Women Who Received Ante-Natal Check-Up (ANC) in Barabanki (%) Treatment of anemia: Figure 9 shows that prevalence of anaemia between 2015-16 and 2020-21 has increased for both groups of women—pregnant as well as others, with the increase being more for the former. This indicates that more attention needs to be paid to treat anaemia in the district, especially among pregnant women. Figure 9: Incidence of Anaemia Among Women in Barabanki (Age Group 15-49 Years, %) Safety of Home Deliveries: Figure 10 shows that in spite of facilities for institutional deliveries in Barabanki, a considerable segment of pregnant women prefer home deliveries over institutional deliveries in the district. However, it’s a matter of serious concern that a very low share of home deliveries were attended by skilled birth attendants (SBA), increasing the risk of unsafe home deliveries causing mortality and other complications. Thus, adequate provisioning of resources is required to facilitate safe home deliveries. Figure 10: Share of Home Deliveries Attended by Skilled Birth Attendants in Barabanki (%) 

<ul><li>Child nutrition showed a mixed trend in Barabanki. The share of children who were underweight and stunted reduced, but anaemia and wasting among children increased. The incidence of anaemia among adolescent girls and pregnant women also increased over time.</li><li>To address these nutritional and health conditions, ICDS provides a set of services. For the successful delivery of these services, appropriate budgetary allocation and utilisation is crucial.</li><li>The overall fiscal trend for ICDS in Barabanki shows a gradual increase in allocation and expenditure from 2017-2018 to 2019-20. In 2020-21, there was a dip in both allocation and expenditure, which could be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury and as an impact of short- and medium-term disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 induced lockdown.</li><li>The fiscal trend under the ICDS general component shows a steady trend until 2019-20, when there was a hike in allocation, and 2020-21, when there was a dip. While the first change could be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers and helpers, the second may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the central treasury that year.</li><li>For the SNP component, the trend shows a significant drop in budgetary allocation in 2020-21. This may be due to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year.</li><li>In the overall fiscal trend, the year that experienced the highest allocation (2019-20) also saw the lowest utilisation. This shows that increased allocation must be complemented with appropriate use of funds to implement policies that address the needs of beneficiaries.</li></ul>

Key takeaways

Child nutrition showed a mixed trend in Barabanki. The share of children who were underweight and stunted reduced, but anaemia and wasting among children increased. The incidence of anaemia among adolescent girls and pregnant women also increased over time. To address these nutritional and health conditions, ICDS provides a set of services. For the successful delivery of these services, appropriate budgetary allocation and utilisation is crucial. The overall fiscal trend for ICDS in Barabanki shows a gradual increase in allocation and expenditure from 2017-2018 to 2019-20. In 2020-21, there was a dip in both allocation and expenditure, which could be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury and as an impact of short- and medium-term disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 induced lockdown. The fiscal trend under the ICDS general component shows a steady trend until 2019-20, when there was a hike in allocation, and 2020-21, when there was a dip. While the first change could be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers and helpers, the second may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the central treasury that year. For the SNP component, the trend shows a significant drop in budgetary allocation in 2020-21. This may be due to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year. In the overall fiscal trend, the year that experienced the highest allocation (2019-20) also saw the lowest utilisation. This shows that increased allocation must be complemented with appropriate use of funds to implement policies that address the needs of beneficiaries. 

Figure 6 shows the funds available in four components.<ul><li>Allocation to each component is based on a unit value: distance for transportation, defined amount for foodgrains, pre-defined wage rate for CCH, and defined unit value for cooking cost.</li><li>Three components—transport, foodgrains and honorarium to CCH—show a gradual increase over the years.</li><li>Cooking cost has seen wide fluctuation, especially in the last two years.</li><li>In 2019-20, cooking cost saw a 36% year-on-year decline in funding available to Rs 14 crore, while the allocation remained the same at Rs 23 crore. The decline in funding available, in spite of the same allocation, was due to lower funding received during the year and a Rs. 4.4 crore payment due from the previous year.</li></ul>Figure 6: Funds available to different components (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Funds_available_to_different_components_Rs_lakh_d046a66fe2.png"></figure>Figure 7 shows the share of each component in the combined expenditure between 2017-18 and 2021-22.<ul><li>In these four years combined, cooking cost had the highest share in total expenditure, of 75%.</li><li>Transport had the lowest share in total expenditure, of 1.1%.</li><li>Changes in the share of components were either because of a decline in their own value or an increase in another component’s value. In 2018-19, the share of CCH fell due to a decline in CCH expenditure and an increase in expenditure on cooking costs.</li><li>In 2019-20, the actual value of all four components fell, but the fall was relatively more for foodgrains and transport, which increased the share of cooking cost.</li></ul>Figure 7: Share of different components in total expenditure (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Share_of_different_components_in_total_expenditure_a97f6a9373.png"></figure>

What is the Breakup of Funds Across the Four Components?

Figure 6 shows the funds available in four components. Allocation to each component is based on a unit value: distance for transportation, defined amount for foodgrains, pre-defined wage rate for CCH, and defined unit value for cooking cost. Three components—transport, foodgrains and honorarium to CCH—show a gradual increase over the years. Cooking cost has seen wide fluctuation, especially in the last two years. In 2019-20, cooking cost saw a 36% year-on-year decline in funding available to Rs 14 crore, while the allocation remained the same at Rs 23 crore. The decline in funding available, in spite of the same allocation, was due to lower funding received during the year and a Rs. 4.4 crore payment due from the previous year. Figure 6: Funds available to different components (Rs lakh) Figure 7 shows the share of each component in the combined expenditure between 2017-18 and 2021-22. In these four years combined, cooking cost had the highest share in total expenditure, of 75%. Transport had the lowest share in total expenditure, of 1.1%. Changes in the share of components were either because of a decline in their own value or an increase in another component’s value. In 2018-19, the share of CCH fell due to a decline in CCH expenditure and an increase in expenditure on cooking costs. In 2019-20, the actual value of all four components fell, but the fall was relatively more for foodgrains and transport, which increased the share of cooking cost. Figure 7: Share of different components in total expenditure (%) 

Under the scheme, all rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work, and demand the same, are to be given such work. In this context, there are three datapoints: how many persons demanded (applied for) work; of those who demanded, how many were offered work; of those who were offered work, how many availed the work. These indicators are presented below.Figure 7: Trends in Employment Demanded, Offered and Availed (No. of Persons in 1,000)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Trends_of_Employment_Demanded_Offered_and_Availed_No_of_Persons_in_1_000_002e7879de.png"></figure><ul><li>The number of persons demanding work increased by 76% in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20, which again points to the impact of the COVID-19 induced crisis in the job market.</li><li>In 2021-22, demand for work declined 9%, but the number of persons availing work remained the same.</li><li>In all five years, almost everyone who demanded employment under the scheme was offered employment.</li><li>However, in all five years, the number of persons who availed employment was much lower than the number that were offered employment.</li><li>The average number of days a person was working in a year ranged from 34 (in 2017-18) to 41 (in 2019-20).</li><li>In 2021-22, when demand for work was high, the average number of days a person worked fell to 39. This is much below the 100 days guaranteed under the scheme. Further investigation is needed to identify reasons for this.</li><li>Of the total families that were offered employment, the proportion of families that completed 100 days of work in a financial year increased from 0.6% in 2017-18 to 18.2% in 2021-22.</li></ul>Figure 8 compares the district with the state on the percentage of people who availed employment out of those who were offered employment.Figure 8: Out of All Who Were Offered Employment, What Proportion Availed It (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Out_of_All_Who_are_Offered_Employment_1535b387b1.png"></figure><ul><li>Before the pandemic, this proportion was steady for both the district and the state, with the district having a slightly higher level than the state.</li><li>In 2020-21, the proportion fell for both the district and the state. This is on account of increased demand in 2020-21, with the number of persons demanding employment increasing more sharply than the number of persons availing employment.</li></ul>

How Many Demanded Work and How Many Were Offered?

Under the scheme, all rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work, and demand the same, are to be given such work. In this context, there are three datapoints: how many persons demanded (applied for) work; of those who demanded, how many were offered work; of those who were offered work, how many availed the work. These indicators are presented below. Figure 7: Trends in Employment Demanded, Offered and Availed (No. of Persons in 1,000) The number of persons demanding work increased by 76% in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20, which again points to the impact of the COVID-19 induced crisis in the job market. In 2021-22, demand for work declined 9%, but the number of persons availing work remained the same. In all five years, almost everyone who demanded employment under the scheme was offered employment. However, in all five years, the number of persons who availed employment was much lower than the number that were offered employment. The average number of days a person was working in a year ranged from 34 (in 2017-18) to 41 (in 2019-20). In 2021-22, when demand for work was high, the average number of days a person worked fell to 39. This is much below the 100 days guaranteed under the scheme. Further investigation is needed to identify reasons for this. Of the total families that were offered employment, the proportion of families that completed 100 days of work in a financial year increased from 0.6% in 2017-18 to 18.2% in 2021-22. Figure 8 compares the district with the state on the percentage of people who availed employment out of those who were offered employment. Figure 8: Out of All Who Were Offered Employment, What Proportion Availed It (%) Before the pandemic, this proportion was steady for both the district and the state, with the district having a slightly higher level than the state. In 2020-21, the proportion fell for both the district and the state. This is on account of increased demand in 2020-21, with the number of persons demanding employment increasing more sharply than the number of persons availing employment. 

Of the total funds available with a district, some amount can remain unspent at the end of a financial year for various reasons. The extent of funds spent out of the total funds available is called the ‘rate of utilisation’. &nbsp; Figure 3 shows out of the total MGNREGS funds available with Barabanki, how much was unspent at the end of the financial year and its annual rate of utilisation.Figure 3: Unspent Balance and Rate of Utilisation<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Unspent_Balance_and_Rate_of_Utilisation_2b04db7e73.png"></figure><ul><li>After peaking in 2018-19, unspent balance has been coming down.</li><li>In 2021-22, there was a shortage of funds—expenditure exceeded fund availability.</li><li>Rate of utilisation, which is the amount spent as a percentage of available funds, has seen a continuous improvement.</li></ul>Figure 4: Unspent Balance/ Fund Shortage in Blocks (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Unspent_Balance_Shortage_of_fund_at_Blocks_Rs_lakh_a87ff1c173.png"></figure><ul><li>At the aggregate block level, there has been a fund shortage in 2017-18, 2020-21 and 2021-22.</li><li>In 2017-18 and 2020-21, while there was a shortage of funds at the block level, there were unspent funds at the district level. This is because funds were lying with the ‘district level line department’ and the ‘district programme coordinator (DPC)’</li><li>At the end of 2021-22, Dariyabad, Bani Kodar and Suratganj had the highest level of fund shortages.</li></ul>

How Has the Fund Utilisation Been?

Of the total funds available with a district, some amount can remain unspent at the end of a financial year for various reasons. The extent of funds spent out of the total funds available is called the ‘rate of utilisation’. Figure 3 shows out of the total MGNREGS funds available with Barabanki, how much was unspent at the end of the financial year and its annual rate of utilisation. Figure 3: Unspent Balance and Rate of Utilisation After peaking in 2018-19, unspent balance has been coming down. In 2021-22, there was a shortage of funds—expenditure exceeded fund availability. Rate of utilisation, which is the amount spent as a percentage of available funds, has seen a continuous improvement. Figure 4: Unspent Balance/ Fund Shortage in Blocks (Rs lakh) At the aggregate block level, there has been a fund shortage in 2017-18, 2020-21 and 2021-22. In 2017-18 and 2020-21, while there was a shortage of funds at the block level, there were unspent funds at the district level. This is because funds were lying with the ‘district level line department’ and the ‘district programme coordinator (DPC)’ At the end of 2021-22, Dariyabad, Bani Kodar and Suratganj had the highest level of fund shortages. 

NHM has 18 sub-components under which allocations are made to cater to the needs of different sections of the population in a holistic manner and ensure last-mile service delivery by strengthening the overall health infrastructure in the country. These are: (1) Service Delivery (Facility Based), (2) Service Delivery (Community Based), (3) Community Interventions, (4) Untied Funds, (5) Infrastructure, (6) Procurement, (7) Referral Transport, (8) Human Resources, (9) Training and Capacity Building, (10) Review, Research, Surveillance and Surveys, (11) Information Education Communication (IEC)/Behaviour Communication Change (BCC), (12) Printing, (13) Quality Assurance, (14) Drug Warehousing and Logistics, (15) Public-Private Partnership (PPP), (16) Programme Management, (17) IT Initiatives for strengthening Service Delivery and (18) Innovations (if any).<ul><li>Figure 3 shows that of the 18 sub-components of NHM, the allocation to human resources was the highest in both 2019-20 and 2020-21. This indicates that the provision of adequate staff has been prioritised to ensure effective healthcare delivery in the district.</li><li>Human resources is followed by allocations to community interventions and facility-based service delivery. However, allocations declined in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20. Among other major sub-components, procurement saw an increase in 2020-21.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</li></ul>Figure 3: Trends in Budgetary Allocation for Major Sub-Components of NHM in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Trends_in_Budgetary_Allocation_for_Major_Sub_Components_of_NHM_in_Barabanki_88652a55ed.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Budgetary Allocation Under Different Components of NHM for the District?

NHM has 18 sub-components under which allocations are made to cater to the needs of different sections of the population in a holistic manner and ensure last-mile service delivery by strengthening the overall health infrastructure in the country. These are: (1) Service Delivery (Facility Based), (2) Service Delivery (Community Based), (3) Community Interventions, (4) Untied Funds, (5) Infrastructure, (6) Procurement, (7) Referral Transport, (8) Human Resources, (9) Training and Capacity Building, (10) Review, Research, Surveillance and Surveys, (11) Information Education Communication (IEC)/Behaviour Communication Change (BCC), (12) Printing, (13) Quality Assurance, (14) Drug Warehousing and Logistics, (15) Public-Private Partnership (PPP), (16) Programme Management, (17) IT Initiatives for strengthening Service Delivery and (18) Innovations (if any). Figure 3 shows that of the 18 sub-components of NHM, the allocation to human resources was the highest in both 2019-20 and 2020-21. This indicates that the provision of adequate staff has been prioritised to ensure effective healthcare delivery in the district. Human resources is followed by allocations to community interventions and facility-based service delivery. However, allocations declined in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20. Among other major sub-components, procurement saw an increase in 2020-21. Figure 3: Trends in Budgetary Allocation for Major Sub-Components of NHM in Barabanki 

Targets are set each year by the Centre for the centre and the state levels. States set targets for districts based on housing deprivation and priority lists. Then this number is used to select beneficiaries according to the priority list. Selected beneficiaries then need to register themselves for getting the benefit.&nbsp; Figure 2 shows the number of targets, registrations and number of sanctioned beneficiaries.&nbsp;Figure 2: Number of Targets and Registrations<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Number_of_Targets_and_Registrations_f9937b37d6.png"></figure><ul><li>In the last 5 years, the target was missed in 2017-18 and 2019-20 by 76 and 97 units respectively.&nbsp;</li><li>In the remaining three years, registrations exceeded targets because selected beneficiaries who did not register in previous years, registered later — or as mentioned above — there have been duplicate registrations. In 2020-21 and 2021-22, the gap between targets and registrations was especially large.</li><li>Between 2017-2022, total registrations by beneficiaries exceeded 45,000 compared to the targeted registrations of around 41,000. Ineligible beneficiaries may have registered and or duplication registrations might have occurred.</li></ul>

What was the target and how many did the registration?

Targets are set each year by the Centre for the centre and the state levels. States set targets for districts based on housing deprivation and priority lists. Then this number is used to select beneficiaries according to the priority list. Selected beneficiaries then need to register themselves for getting the benefit. Figure 2 shows the number of targets, registrations and number of sanctioned beneficiaries. Figure 2: Number of Targets and Registrations In the last 5 years, the target was missed in 2017-18 and 2019-20 by 76 and 97 units respectively. In the remaining three years, registrations exceeded targets because selected beneficiaries who did not register in previous years, registered later — or as mentioned above — there have been duplicate registrations. In 2020-21 and 2021-22, the gap between targets and registrations was especially large. Between 2017-2022, total registrations by beneficiaries exceeded 45,000 compared to the targeted registrations of around 41,000. Ineligible beneficiaries may have registered and or duplication registrations might have occurred. 

Sometimes, either because of excess expenditure over funds available or because of procedural delays, payment for the work done can be due at the end of the period. This amount is called ‘payment due’. This amount is generally paid in the subsequent period. Figure 6 shows the trend of total payment due and its breakup across two major components, wages and material.Figure 6: Total Payment Due (Rs Lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Components_of_Expenditure_33e4cf55f8.png"></figure><ul><li>Between 2017-18 and 2019-20, ‘payment due’ has remained at a minimal level.</li><li>In 2021-22, dues increased by Rs 13.3 crore over 2020-21, of which Rs 11 crore was towards material.</li><li>At the end of 2021-22, Suratganj, Sirauli Gauspur and Dariybad were the blocks with the highest payment due.</li></ul>

What is the Scale of Payment Due?

Sometimes, either because of excess expenditure over funds available or because of procedural delays, payment for the work done can be due at the end of the period. This amount is called ‘payment due’. This amount is generally paid in the subsequent period. Figure 6 shows the trend of total payment due and its breakup across two major components, wages and material. Figure 6: Total Payment Due (Rs Lakh) Between 2017-18 and 2019-20, ‘payment due’ has remained at a minimal level. In 2021-22, dues increased by Rs 13.3 crore over 2020-21, of which Rs 11 crore was towards material. At the end of 2021-22, Suratganj, Sirauli Gauspur and Dariybad were the blocks with the highest payment due. 

The following section engages with some factors under the scope of ICDS that can influence nutritional outcomes in children such as adequate diet and breastfeeding practices. The purpose of this discussion is to understand the conditions in which the ICDS scheme is being implemented in the district.Figure 3: Factors influencing child nutritional outcomes in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Factors_influencing_child_nutritional_outcomes_in_Barabanki_f6a46b0cc8.png"></figure><ul><li>Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding have great health benefits for both infants and mothers, and is recommended by WHO and UNICEF (Selim 2018) to address the nutritional needs of infant and young children. Under the Anganwadi Services Scheme, counselling on infant and young child feeding practices is provided to pregnant women and lactating mothers.</li></ul>In Barabanki, while the practice of exclusive breastfeeding declined marginally, the percentage of children who received the crucial first milk declined significantly by about 4 percentage points.<ul><li>After the first 6 months, breastmilk is not enough to meet the energy and nutrition needs of infants. It is time for them to be provided with complementary food. The provision of Supplementary Nutrition Program (SNP) under ICDS is a self-selecting scheme that aims to address the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’.</li></ul>In Barabanki, the share of children receiving adequate diet continue to remain low, which has a long-lasting effect on their nutritional status. According to the latest data, only 6.7% of children have access to adequate diet.

What are the possible reasons for the performance of the district in child nutrition?

The following section engages with some factors under the scope of ICDS that can influence nutritional outcomes in children such as adequate diet and breastfeeding practices. The purpose of this discussion is to understand the conditions in which the ICDS scheme is being implemented in the district. Figure 3: Factors influencing child nutritional outcomes in Barabanki (%) Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding have great health benefits for both infants and mothers, and is recommended by WHO and UNICEF (Selim 2018) to address the nutritional needs of infant and young children. Under the Anganwadi Services Scheme, counselling on infant and young child feeding practices is provided to pregnant women and lactating mothers. In Barabanki, while the practice of exclusive breastfeeding declined marginally, the percentage of children who received the crucial first milk declined significantly by about 4 percentage points. After the first 6 months, breastmilk is not enough to meet the energy and nutrition needs of infants. It is time for them to be provided with complementary food. The provision of Supplementary Nutrition Program (SNP) under ICDS is a self-selecting scheme that aims to address the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’. In Barabanki, the share of children receiving adequate diet continue to remain low, which has a long-lasting effect on their nutritional status. According to the latest data, only 6.7% of children have access to adequate diet. 

The programme approval board (PAB) approves the number of students to be provided benefits under MDM scheme every year, based on state proposals. However, the number of students approved is generally lower than the number of students enrolled in MDM-providing schools. And, the number of students availing of the meal generally varies from the number of approved students.&nbsp; Figure 2 shows the relationship between these three sets of numbers.<ul><li>The relationship between the three metrics has varied over time.</li><li>While the number of approved students was around half the number of enrolments in the first three years, it exceeded the number of enrolments in 2020-21. One possible reason could be that the enrolment figure is taken on a particular date, generally 30th of September, and might have been different at the beginning of year or was projected to be higher when the plan was approved.</li><li>Also, in 2020-21, schools were shut due to Covid-19, and hence the number of meals provided in schools was only for a select number of days. Instead, the government provided a food security allowance directly to students in the form of foodgrains and monetary support for cooking. Because of this change, all students received the benefits compared to earlier, when many did not avail of the meal.</li></ul>Figure 2: Number of Students: Enrolled vs Approved vs Availed<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Number_of_Students_Enrolled_vs_Approved_vs_Availed_1fba0f3390.png"></figure>Figure 3 shows compares Barabanki with the state of Uttar Pradesh on the share of enrolled students approved for mid-day meals.<ul><li>Both district and state show the same trend.</li><li>Between 2017-18 and 2019-20, the share of approvals was similar, with the district lagging the state by around 10 percentage points.</li><li>In 2020-21, the share increased sharply in both the district and the state, and crossed 100%.</li></ul>Figure 3: Percentage of enrolled students approved for MDM<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Percentage_of_enrolled_students_approved_for_MDM_eb1e85be03.png"></figure>

How Many Students were Approved for MDM and How Many Availed it?

The programme approval board (PAB) approves the number of students to be provided benefits under MDM scheme every year, based on state proposals. However, the number of students approved is generally lower than the number of students enrolled in MDM-providing schools. And, the number of students availing of the meal generally varies from the number of approved students. Figure 2 shows the relationship between these three sets of numbers. The relationship between the three metrics has varied over time. While the number of approved students was around half the number of enrolments in the first three years, it exceeded the number of enrolments in 2020-21. One possible reason could be that the enrolment figure is taken on a particular date, generally 30th of September, and might have been different at the beginning of year or was projected to be higher when the plan was approved. Also, in 2020-21, schools were shut due to Covid-19, and hence the number of meals provided in schools was only for a select number of days. Instead, the government provided a food security allowance directly to students in the form of foodgrains and monetary support for cooking. Because of this change, all students received the benefits compared to earlier, when many did not avail of the meal. Figure 2: Number of Students: Enrolled vs Approved vs Availed Figure 3 shows compares Barabanki with the state of Uttar Pradesh on the share of enrolled students approved for mid-day meals. Both district and state show the same trend. Between 2017-18 and 2019-20, the share of approvals was similar, with the district lagging the state by around 10 percentage points. In 2020-21, the share increased sharply in both the district and the state, and crossed 100%. Figure 3: Percentage of enrolled students approved for MDM 

Funds are made available for districts based on employment demand and the need for material. Figure 1 presents the trend of fund availability and expenditure in the district.Figure 1: Fund Available and Expenditure (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Rs_Crore_c1175d2abe.png"></figure><ul><li>Between 2017-18 and 2021-22, funds available increased by Rs 135 crore, while expenditure increased by Rs 136 crore.</li><li>The sudden increase in expenditure in 2020-21, when it almost doubled compared to the preceding year, indicates high level of work demand because of the pandemic-induced lockdown and the subsequent economic slowdown.</li><li>In 2021-22, expenditure fell 16% over 2020-21, but it was still 67% higher than the pre-pandemic level in 2019-20. This perhaps indicates that the overall employment situation in places other than MGNREGS might have improved slightly compared to 2020-21, but it is still much below pre-pandemic levels.</li></ul>Figure 2 shows the total funds available and total expenditure at the block level for the period from 2017-18 to 2021-22.Figure 2: Cumulative Fund Available and Expenditure Between 2017-18 and 2021-22 (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Cumulative_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Between_605e9530f8.png"></figure><ul><li>In this period, blocks with the highest expenditure are Nindura, Suratganj and Siddhaur.</li><li>Blocks with the lowest expenditure are Banki, Harakh and Masauli.</li><li>Out of the 15 blocks, only four (Nindura, Siddhaur, Fatehpur and Masauli) had more funds available than expenditure incurred. In the remaining 11 blocks, expenditure exceeded fund availability in varying degrees.</li></ul>

How Much Funds Were Made Available and How Much Were Spent?

Funds are made available for districts based on employment demand and the need for material. Figure 1 presents the trend of fund availability and expenditure in the district. Figure 1: Fund Available and Expenditure (Rs Crore) Between 2017-18 and 2021-22, funds available increased by Rs 135 crore, while expenditure increased by Rs 136 crore. The sudden increase in expenditure in 2020-21, when it almost doubled compared to the preceding year, indicates high level of work demand because of the pandemic-induced lockdown and the subsequent economic slowdown. In 2021-22, expenditure fell 16% over 2020-21, but it was still 67% higher than the pre-pandemic level in 2019-20. This perhaps indicates that the overall employment situation in places other than MGNREGS might have improved slightly compared to 2020-21, but it is still much below pre-pandemic levels. Figure 2 shows the total funds available and total expenditure at the block level for the period from 2017-18 to 2021-22. Figure 2: Cumulative Fund Available and Expenditure Between 2017-18 and 2021-22 (Rs Crore) In this period, blocks with the highest expenditure are Nindura, Suratganj and Siddhaur. Blocks with the lowest expenditure are Banki, Harakh and Masauli. Out of the 15 blocks, only four (Nindura, Siddhaur, Fatehpur and Masauli) had more funds available than expenditure incurred. In the remaining 11 blocks, expenditure exceeded fund availability in varying degrees. 

Given the importance of MDM scheme in providing nutrition, and helping increase enrolment and hence education of students, data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 9 lists essential data points/information regarding MDM that will be useful to various stakeholders. The current level of information available has been evaluated for these indicators.The data points /information regarding MDM have/has been taken from the Annual Work Plan and Budget Meeting Documents (AWB&amp;PM) for the years from 2017-18 to 2020-21. These documents were accessed at <a href="https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/.">https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/.</a>Transparency and Accountability ParametersAvailability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds allocated<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on funds received<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on funds utilised<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on funds for different components<ul><li>Yes</li></ul>Accessibility Language in which information is available<ul><li>English</li></ul> Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop friendly</li></ul>Timeliness How frequently are data updated?<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul>Relevance How relevant would users find it<ul><li>The data available in the MDM website can be used by researchers, scholars and policy makers. While the information on the website is vast, further disaggregation of data based on gender can help understand the ways MDM affects education and the nutritional status of girl children.</li></ul>Reliability Are the data reliable?<ul><li>CAG audit reports are not available on the MDM website, hence authenticating the data with MIS and ground verification is essential.</li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules<ul><li>Social auditing is mandated for all districts.</li><li>While the account for the number of schools covered, organisations/institutions conducting the audit and expenditure is available, the reports on the website are not up to date for all the states and years.</li></ul> Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Contact details to lodge complaints are listed on the website for every state.</li><li>Details on the number of complaints, status of complaints and action taken are also available.</li><li>States follow different mechanisms for grievance redressal.</li></ul>

Where does Gajapati Stand on Information Available for MDM?

Given the importance of MDM scheme in providing nutrition, and helping increase enrolment and hence education of students, data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 9 lists essential data points/information regarding MDM that will be useful to various stakeholders. The current level of information available has been evaluated for these indicators. The data points /information regarding MDM have/has been taken from the Annual Work Plan and Budget Meeting Documents (AWB&PM) for the years from 2017-18 to 2020-21. These documents were accessed at https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/. Transparency and Accountability Parameters Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness  Information on funds allocated Yes  Information on funds received Yes  Information on funds available Yes  Information on funds utilised Yes  Information on funds for different components Yes Accessibility  Language in which information is available English  Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly Timeliness  How frequently are data updated? Real-Time Relevance  How relevant would users find it The data available in the MDM website can be used by researchers, scholars and policy makers. While the information on the website is vast, further disaggregation of data based on gender can help understand the ways MDM affects education and the nutritional status of girl children. Reliability  Are the data reliable? CAG audit reports are not available on the MDM website, hence authenticating the data with MIS and ground verification is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation  Social Audit schedules Social auditing is mandated for all districts. While the account for the number of schools covered, organisations/institutions conducting the audit and expenditure is available, the reports on the website are not up to date for all the states and years.  Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Contact details to lodge complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details on the number of complaints, status of complaints and action taken are also available. States follow different mechanisms for grievance redressal. 

Durg (Chhattisgarh)

Bhilai city, located in the district, is one of the oldest and major industrial centres in India. The district also has economic activities related to mining of natural resources like limestone.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_e4e509fae3.png"></figure>

ICDS_Durg_data.xlsx

ICDS_Durg.pdf

Durg is a populous district (770 persons per sq km) in Chhattisgarh. It is situated in the southern part of the rich Chhattisgarh plain and consists of three blocks. 

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is a flagship scheme of the government. It was launched in 1975 with the objective of providing early childhood care and development to children. However, it has since expanded in scope, and now caters to children (age 0-6 years), pregnant and lactating mothers, and adolescent girls.

Bhilai city, located in the district, is one of the oldest and major industrial centres in India. The district also has economic activities related to mining of natural resources like limestone.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Durg_Some_Important_Indicators_3462a948a6.png"></figure>

PMAYG_Durg_data.xlsx

PMAY_Durg.pdf

Durg is one of 28 districts in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is situated approximately 40 km from the state capital of Raipur and has three blocks. Bhilai city, located in the district, is one of the oldest and major industrial centres in the country. Mining of natural resources like limestone constitutes an important part of economic activities in the district.

MGNREGS_Durg_data.xlsx

MGNREGS_Durg.pdf

MGNREGS: Some Important FactsUnder MGNREGS, any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work are guaranteed by law to be given at least 100 days of wage employment per financial year by the government. The wage rates are pre-determined by the government and vary across states. The work is used to create different assets like buildings, irrigation facilities, etc. There is a possibility of convergences with other schemes where such work is needed—that is, MGNREGS can be used to create assets for other government schemes.&nbsp;<figure class="table" style="float:left;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">S. No.</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Indicator</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Performance</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">1</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry of Rural Development</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">2</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Benefits under the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>At least 100 days of employment per year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.&nbsp;</li><li>The wage rate is notified by the Union Government, but states may provide a higher wage rate from their own funds. The wage rates are revised yearly and are based on the Consumer Price Index for Agriculture Labour.</li><li>Additional 50 days of employment (beyond the 100 days) to every Scheduled Tribe Household in a forest area having no other private property.&nbsp;</li><li>Additional 50 days unskilled manual work per year (beyond the 100 days) to job card holders in drought-affected rural areas.</li><li>In case applicants are not given employment within 15 days of application, they are entitled to an unemployment allowance, which is linked to the wage rate.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">3</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Main Expenses</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">There are four main components<ul><li>Wage</li><li>Material</li><li>Admin</li><li>Tax (which is paid on the purchase of material)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Funding of the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>MGNREGS is a Centrally sponsored scheme; funds for the scheme come from the Union as well as State Governments.&nbsp;</li><li>100% cost of unskilled labour, based on the notified rate, is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>75% of the material cost is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>Remaining costs (in case of higher wage rate, and 25% of total material cost) are borne by State Governments.&nbsp;</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Fund Flow Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>Wage payment is done through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to beneficiaries’ bank accounts.</li><li>Other expenses are done via the society route, where money goes from the centre for state societies (See Chart below).&nbsp;</li></ul> &nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">6</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Grievance Redressal Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>States are mandated to appoint an Ombudsperson for each district to receive complaints.</li><li>State Governments shall coordinate toll-free help-lines for redressal of grievances.</li><li>Grievances registered on Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitor System (CPGRAMS) shall also be looked into by respective states.&nbsp;</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></figure> &nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/modal_window_2_chart_Fund_Flow_85966e0193.png"></figure>

Durg is one of the 28 districts in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is situated around 40 km from the state capital, Raipur. It has three blocks.

Bhilai city, located in the district, is one of the oldest and major industrial centres in India. The district also has economic activities related to mining of natural resources like limestone.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_df2aec465c.png"></figure>

NHM_Durg_data.xlsx

NHM_Durg.pdf

Durg is one of the most-densely populated districts (770/sq km) in Chhattisgarh. It is situated in the southern part of the state and consists of 11 municipalities, 3 blocks and 389 villages. It is one of the major urban agglomerations in the state and is a hub for industrial development. 

National Health Mission (NHM) is a flagship programme of the Government of India, launched in 2005. It has two sub-missions subsumed under it: the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).

MDM_Durg_data.xlsx

Mid-day meal_Durg.pdf

Durg district is one of Chhattisgarh’s densely populated districts. It is situated in the southern part of the rich Chhattisgarh plain and consists of three blocks.

The MDM scheme (now Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM POSHAN) is a flagship programme of the Government of India to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance.

thumbnail_Group 3317.jpg

Group 3317.jpg

small_Group 3317.jpg

Figure 2 compares the nutritional status of Durg with that of Chhattisgarh based on data from NFHS 5.<ul><li>Durg has performed better than the state in indicators related to wasting, underweight children and anaemia in women and children.</li><li>However, Chhattisgarh has performed better than Durg on stunting in children.</li></ul>Figure 2: State and district’s comparison on nutritional performance (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_State_and_district_s_comparison_on_nutritional_performance_2a4688af0f.png"></figure>

How has the district performed in comparison to the state?

Figure 2 compares the nutritional status of Durg with that of Chhattisgarh based on data from NFHS 5. Durg has performed better than the state in indicators related to wasting, underweight children and anaemia in women and children. However, Chhattisgarh has performed better than Durg on stunting in children. Figure 2: State and district’s comparison on nutritional performance (%) 

There are several components of MDM Scheme and each component of the Scheme has its own budget to deliver the required services. These components are:<ol><li>Food grain cost which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI)</li><li>Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare food, except food grains.</li><li>Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers cost (HCC)</li><li>Transportation cost of food grains</li><li>Management, monitoring and evaluation (MME)</li><li>Construction of kitchens</li><li>Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment</li></ol>Of these, the first four are regular while the last two are irregular and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. Because of these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this fact sheet. In all of the subsequent analyses, total funding available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components. Figure 4 presents the trend of the total funds available as well as expenditure in the district of Durg. &nbsp;Figure 4: Trends in Funds Available and Expenditure for MDM in Durg (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Extent_of_Funds_Available_and_Expenditure_for_MDM_in_Durg_1b0d3eb191.png"></figure><ul><li>Availability of funds has been fluctuating over the time. Between 2017-18 and 2020-21, there was an increment of 17%.</li><li>Similarly, total expenditure shows an uneven trend. Over these four years, there was an increase of 25%.</li><li>The extent of fund utilisation (total expenditure out of the funds available) for the district reported to be more than 85 % [except for the year 2018-19 (76 %)].&nbsp;</li></ul>

What are the trends in Total Availability of Funds and Expenditure?

There are several components of MDM Scheme and each component of the Scheme has its own budget to deliver the required services. These components are: Food grain cost which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare food, except food grains. Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers cost (HCC) Transportation cost of food grains Management, monitoring and evaluation (MME) Construction of kitchens Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment Of these, the first four are regular while the last two are irregular and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. Because of these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this fact sheet. In all of the subsequent analyses, total funding available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components. Figure 4 presents the trend of the total funds available as well as expenditure in the district of Durg. Figure 4: Trends in Funds Available and Expenditure for MDM in Durg (Rs lakh) Availability of funds has been fluctuating over the time. Between 2017-18 and 2020-21, there was an increment of 17%. Similarly, total expenditure shows an uneven trend. Over these four years, there was an increase of 25%. The extent of fund utilisation (total expenditure out of the funds available) for the district reported to be more than 85 % [except for the year 2018-19 (76 %)]. 

<ul><li>The nutritional parameters covered under ICDS, which deals with better health outcomes for children, adolescent girls and pregnant women, showed a mixed trend in Durg over the years. The district has fared better than the overall state in reducing the share of children who are underweight, wasted and anaemic, but the state has performed better than the district in reducing stunting. The incidence of anaemia among adolescent girls and pregnant women also increased over time in the district.</li><li>Although, by its very nature, ICDS has well-defined beneficiaries and unit cost, the extent of fund utilisation is always high because the fund allocation is known prior to spending. But in the case of Durg, fund utilisation was below 70% in each of the three years between 2018-19 and 2020-21, an area which needs to be focused on and taken into consideration. Further, the shortage of human resources across departments has huge implications on fund utilisation as well.</li><li>Fund utilisation under the SNP component is only 40%-50% between 2017-18 and 2020-21. The key findings suggest a greater shortfall in trainings under different line departments of the scheme. The training deficit of the ground staff and tech-savvy staff may have affected the efficacy of the scheme, leading to the district’s poor performance on nutritional indicators and fiscal outcomes.</li></ul>

The nutritional parameters covered under ICDS, which deals with better health outcomes for children, adolescent girls and pregnant women, showed a mixed trend in Durg over the years. The district has fared better than the overall state in reducing the share of children who are underweight, wasted and anaemic, but the state has performed better than the district in reducing stunting. The incidence of anaemia among adolescent girls and pregnant women also increased over time in the district. Although, by its very nature, ICDS has well-defined beneficiaries and unit cost, the extent of fund utilisation is always high because the fund allocation is known prior to spending. But in the case of Durg, fund utilisation was below 70% in each of the three years between 2018-19 and 2020-21, an area which needs to be focused on and taken into consideration. Further, the shortage of human resources across departments has huge implications on fund utilisation as well. Fund utilisation under the SNP component is only 40%-50% between 2017-18 and 2020-21. The key findings suggest a greater shortfall in trainings under different line departments of the scheme. The training deficit of the ground staff and tech-savvy staff may have affected the efficacy of the scheme, leading to the district’s poor performance on nutritional indicators and fiscal outcomes. 

Figure 5 presents the per capita availability of funds and per capita expenditure for Durg district and Chhattisgarh under MDM Scheme. Per student expenditure has been calculated as total expenditure (Food grain + cooking + Honorarium to cook-cum-helpers (HCC) + Transportation) divided by the number of students who availed of MDM. &nbsp;Per student funding availability has been calculated as the total available funds divided by the number of students approved for availing of MDM.&nbsp;Figure 5: per-student funds available / expenditure between the State and District (In Rs)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Per_student_funds_available_expenditure_between_the_State_and_District_In_Rs_2352dd3a3a.png"></figure><ul><li>Per student fund availability is higher in the state compared to the district, excluding the year 2018-19. Similarly, the per-student expenditure has always been higher in the state compared to the district. There is a marginal gap on both per student fund availability and expenditure between the district and state has been noticed over these four years.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Are there any differences in the per-student funds available / expenditure between the State and District?

Figure 5 presents the per capita availability of funds and per capita expenditure for Durg district and Chhattisgarh under MDM Scheme. Per student expenditure has been calculated as total expenditure (Food grain + cooking + Honorarium to cook-cum-helpers (HCC) + Transportation) divided by the number of students who availed of MDM. Per student funding availability has been calculated as the total available funds divided by the number of students approved for availing of MDM. Figure 5: per-student funds available / expenditure between the State and District (In Rs) Per student fund availability is higher in the state compared to the district, excluding the year 2018-19. Similarly, the per-student expenditure has always been higher in the state compared to the district. There is a marginal gap on both per student fund availability and expenditure between the district and state has been noticed over these four years. 

Figure 5 shows the amount of funds received by the district treasury for implementation of ICDS, and how much was spent. Allocation between 2017-18 and 2020-21 saw volatility, with the highest increase in 2019-20 and the lowest allocation in 2018-19.&nbsp; Expenditure of funds shows an inconsistent trend from 2017-18 to 2020-21. There was a dip of 52% in 2018-19 and 33% in 2020-21.Figure 5: Allocation and expenditure of ICDS funds in Durg (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Allocation_and_expenditure_of_ICDS_funds_in_Durg_Rs_lakh_44448868bf.png"></figure>

Figure 5 shows the amount of funds received by the district treasury for implementation of ICDS, and how much was spent. Allocation between 2017-18 and 2020-21 saw volatility, with the highest increase in 2019-20 and the lowest allocation in 2018-19. Expenditure of funds shows an inconsistent trend from 2017-18 to 2020-21. There was a dip of 52% in 2018-19 and 33% in 2020-21. Figure 5: Allocation and expenditure of ICDS funds in Durg (Rs lakh) 

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses.The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators.Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailabilityIs the data is available at the district level?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme. Data is available for allotment and expenditure under these components.Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey.Is the data available via online/offline mode?Fiscal (input) indicators: OnlineOutcome indicators: OnlineAccessibilityIs the data available in an 'open access' format?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: YesIs the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format.Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format.Is the data published in multiple languages?Fiscal (input) indicators: No, English onlyOutcome indicators: No, English onlyCompleteness/Comprehensiveness&nbsp;&nbsp;Is the data complete or partial?Fiscal (input) indicators: Partial. Comprehensive data on the scheme is not available. Only component-wise information is available.Outcome indicators: NFHS data has comprehensive district-wise information on health and nutrition indicators.Timeliness of Data that is availableIs the data generated on a timely and regular basis?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: YesHow frequently is the data updated?Fiscal (input) indicators: AnnualOutcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years.Which year does the latest data cover?Fiscal (input) indicators: 2022-23 (until December)Outcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20.User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available&nbsp;Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?)Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required.Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly.Public participation and accountability&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level?NoAre people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation?NoIf there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation?NoIs there any provision for a social audit of the scheme?NoAre social audits conducted as per norms?NoAre social audit reports publicly available?NoIs there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries?Toll free number 14408 (an initiative by the Central Government)

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses. The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators. Transparency and Accountability Index Availability Is the data is available at the district level? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme. Data is available for allotment and expenditure under these components. Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey. Is the data available via online/offline mode? Fiscal (input) indicators: Online Outcome indicators: Online Accessibility Is the data available in an 'open access' format? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: Yes Is the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format. Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format. Is the data published in multiple languages? Fiscal (input) indicators: No, English only Outcome indicators: No, English only Completeness/Comprehensiveness Is the data complete or partial? Fiscal (input) indicators: Partial. Comprehensive data on the scheme is not available. Only component-wise information is available. Outcome indicators: NFHS data has comprehensive district-wise information on health and nutrition indicators. Timeliness of Data that is available Is the data generated on a timely and regular basis? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: Yes How frequently is the data updated? Fiscal (input) indicators: Annual Outcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years. Which year does the latest data cover? Fiscal (input) indicators: 2022-23 (until December) Outcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20. User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?) Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required. Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly. Public participation and accountability Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level? No Are people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation? No If there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation? No Is there any provision for a social audit of the scheme? No Are social audits conducted as per norms? No Are social audit reports publicly available? No Is there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries? Toll free number 14408 (an initiative by the Central Government) 

Figure 10 shows the share of the district in the state in terms of the number of institutions that serve MDM, number of students enrolled, total funds available and expenditure under MDM.Figure 10: Share of Durg District in the State on various Parameters (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Share_of_Durg_District_in_the_State_on_various_Parameters_91d6a5dad1.png"></figure><ul><li>The district has only 2.2 % of total institutions that severs MDM in the state, whereas the enrolment share in the district was 3.8%. This likely indicates that the average number of students in an institution is much higher at the district level than at the state level.</li><li>The share of total students availed of MDM in the district was 3.6 % out of total number of students availed of MDM at the state. The ratio of funds available and expenditure reported were almost at par with the share of total number of students availed of MDM in the district.</li></ul>

Where does the district stand on Various Fiscal and Outcome Indicators Vis-à-vis the State

Figure 10 shows the share of the district in the state in terms of the number of institutions that serve MDM, number of students enrolled, total funds available and expenditure under MDM. Figure 10: Share of Durg District in the State on various Parameters (%) The district has only 2.2 % of total institutions that severs MDM in the state, whereas the enrolment share in the district was 3.8%. This likely indicates that the average number of students in an institution is much higher at the district level than at the state level. The share of total students availed of MDM in the district was 3.6 % out of total number of students availed of MDM at the state. The ratio of funds available and expenditure reported were almost at par with the share of total number of students availed of MDM in the district. 

Figure 1 shows the distribution of the NHM budget for Durg between NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) and NUHM (National Urban Health Mission). Since Durg is a relatively urban agglomeration (65% urban population), it would also be worthwhile to analyse the NUHM component in its case. Figure 1 shows that a substantial portion of the NHM budget goes to the NUHM component, though this has been declining.Further, budget allocation under the NRHM component increased by around 43% in 2019-20— funds available increased from Rs 26.52 crore in 2018-19 to Rs 37.88 crore in 2019-20.Figure 1: Availability of Funds under NHM for Durg and Chhattisgarh (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Availability_of_Funds_under_NHM_for_Durg_and_Chhattisgarh_82bcacd445.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in NHM Budgetary Allocation to the District?

Figure 1 shows the distribution of the NHM budget for Durg between NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) and NUHM (National Urban Health Mission). Since Durg is a relatively urban agglomeration (65% urban population), it would also be worthwhile to analyse the NUHM component in its case. Figure 1 shows that a substantial portion of the NHM budget goes to the NUHM component, though this has been declining. Further, budget allocation under the NRHM component increased by around 43% in 2019-20— funds available increased from Rs 26.52 crore in 2018-19 to Rs 37.88 crore in 2019-20. Figure 1: Availability of Funds under NHM for Durg and Chhattisgarh (%) 

Figure 9 presents employment data divided by gender.Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Gender_Disaggregated_Employment_Data_42fe7c55b3.png"></figure><ul><li>Between 2017-18 and 2020-21, both men and women registered higher number of work-days.</li><li>The share of women in work-days increased in the first four years, but fell in 2021-22.</li></ul>

Figure 9 presents employment data divided by gender. Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data Between 2017-18 and 2020-21, both men and women registered higher number of work-days. The share of women in work-days increased in the first four years, but fell in 2021-22. 

Figure 8 shows the allocation and expenditure for cooking as an absolute amount, while figure 10 shows the utilisation rate for the district compared to the state.Figure 8 Trends of Fund Utilisation under the Component- Cooking Cost (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Trends_of_Fund_Utilisation_under_the_Component_9ca97e16ce.png"></figure><ul><li>The gap between availability of funding and expenditure on cooking was substantial except for the year 2020-21.</li><li>Almost the entire funding got utilised (99 percent) in 2020-21 at both the state as well as the district level due to direct benefit transfers (DBT) during the school closure amid the Covid-19 pandemic.&nbsp;</li><li>In 2018-19, 27 percent of the total available funding remained unspent in Durg, and 20 percent in Chhattisgarh.</li><li>In 2017-18, 11 percent of total available funding remained unspent in Durg, and 7 percent in Chhattisgarh.</li></ul>

What is the budget for cooking costs?

Figure 8 shows the allocation and expenditure for cooking as an absolute amount, while figure 10 shows the utilisation rate for the district compared to the state. Figure 8 Trends of Fund Utilisation under the Component- Cooking Cost (%) The gap between availability of funding and expenditure on cooking was substantial except for the year 2020-21. Almost the entire funding got utilised (99 percent) in 2020-21 at both the state as well as the district level due to direct benefit transfers (DBT) during the school closure amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2018-19, 27 percent of the total available funding remained unspent in Durg, and 20 percent in Chhattisgarh. In 2017-18, 11 percent of total available funding remained unspent in Durg, and 7 percent in Chhattisgarh. 

District Factsheet

District Factsheets presents the performance of central welfare schemes at the district level. It covers 5 welfare schemes across 6 districts.

Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh)

Durg (Chhattisgarh)

Gajapati (Odisha)

Latehar (Jharkhand)

Pune (Maharashtra)

Saharsa (Bihar)